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| Duncan rode the myth of the Chicago "miracle" all the way to D.C. | 
It's been 16 years since Mayor 
Richard M. Daley took control of Chicago's school system, bringing with him corporate-style school reforms focused on school closings, mass teacher firings, privately-run charter schools, and increased reliance on standardized test scores as the main means of judging  schools and teachers. Each campaign, from 
Renaissance 2010, to 
Turnaround Schools, was supposed to produce big gains in measurable "student