THE SCIENCE OF READING: THE NEWEST ADDITION TO COMMON CORE STANDARDS AND THE STANDARDIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION

THE SCIENCE OF READING

THE NEWEST ADDITION TO COMMON CORE STANDARDS AND THE STANDARDIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION

Ah, standardization in education. It's like the boring cousin at family reunions that no one really wants to talk to, but they're always there, lurking in the background. And now, we have a new addition to the family: The Science of Reading.

Yes, you read that right. The Science of Reading is the newest addition to the Common Core Standards, which were mandated by No Child Left Behind and Common Core initiatives. These standards were put in place to ensure that all children learn alike, so they can be tested by standardized tests. Because, you know, that's the best way to tell if a child has learned the standards. It's like putting lipstick on a pig - it's still a pig.

But why do billionaires like standardization over learning? Well, it's simple. Standardization means everyone is on the same page, which makes it easier to compare and evaluate student performance and school quality across different contexts and levels. Plus, it gives external actors, such as governments and corporations, more influence and power over educational decisions and practices. And who doesn't love a little bit of power?

The problem with standardization is that it limits the diversity and creativity of teaching and learning. It imposes a one-size-fits-all approach that may not suit the needs, interests, and abilities of different students, teachers, and communities. It creates a culture of testing and accountability that may reduce the intrinsic motivation, engagement, and enjoyment of students and teachers. And it neglects or marginalizes the importance of other aspects of education that are not easily measured or standardized, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, social-emotional skills, or cultural competence.

Enter The Science of Reading. It's a collection of research from multiple fields of study using methods that confirm and disconfirm theories on how children best learn to read. It's teaching based on the 5 Big Ideas: Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension. And it's ever-evolving as new research and evidence emerge over time.

But just like any new addition to the family, The Science of Reading is controversial. It's been used to fuel a long-running debate over the best way to teach reading - phonics or whole language. Supporters of phonics instruction argue that it's necessary for struggling readers, while opponents argue that it ignores the importance of language, identity, culture, and sociocultural contexts in reading development.

So who are the supporters and opponents of this method? Well, it's hard to say because different people may define it differently and may agree or disagree with some aspects of it. But generally speaking, supporters of The Science of Reading emphasize the importance of phonics instruction and cite research that shows the benefits of systematic and explicit phonics teaching for word recognition and reading comprehension. Opponents argue for more holistic and contextualized approaches to literacy that consider the complexity and diversity of reading development and instruction.

And what about those third-grade retention laws? These are state policies that require students to demonstrate adequate reading proficiency by the end of third grade or face being held back for another year. The Science of Reading may influence these laws by providing a rationale for phonics-based instruction and shaping the criteria and assessments used to determine reading proficiency. But the effects of these laws on students' academic and social-emotional development are still unclear.

In conclusion, standardization in education is like that boring cousin at family reunions - always there, always lurking in the background. And now we have a new addition to the family - The Science of Reading. Whether you're a supporter or an opponent, one thing is clear: education is complex and diverse, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach to teaching and learning. So let's embrace the diversity and creativity of education and stop putting lipstick on that pig.

New Report Highlights States that Are at the Vanguard of the Reading Revolution – The 74 https://www.the74million.org/article/new-report-highlights-states-that-are-at-the-vanguard-of-the-reading-revolution/

THE DEFT DIVE

Standardized standards and testing are two related concepts that have important implications for education. However, they also have some benefits and drawbacks that need to be considered.

What are standardized standards and testing?

Standardized standards are a set of academic expectations for what students should know and be able to do in each grade level and subject area. Standardized standards are usually developed by state or national authorities, such as departments of education or expert panels, and are intended to ensure consistency, quality and equity in education across different schools and districts.

Standardized testing is a form of assessment that requires all students to answer the same questions or a selection of questions from a common bank of questions, and that is scored in a consistent manner. Standardized testing is usually aligned with standardized standards, and is intended to measure student achievement, progress and readiness for college or career.

Why are standardized standards and testing important?

Standardized standards and testing can have some important benefits for education, such as:

• - They can provide a clear and common framework for curriculum, instruction and assessment that guides teachers, students and parents in what to teach, learn and expect.
• - They can facilitate the comparison and evaluation of student performance and school quality across different contexts and levels, enabling the identification of strengths, weaknesses and gaps.
• - They can support the improvement of educational outcomes and equity by providing feedback, guidance and resources for teachers, students and schools to enhance their practices and address their needs.
• - They can foster collaboration and innovation among educators, researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders by sharing best practices, evidence and experiences.

What are the challenges of standardized standards and testing?

Standardized standards and testing can also have some challenges for education, such as:

• - They can limit the diversity and creativity of teaching and learning by imposing a one-size-fits-all approach that may not suit the needs, interests and abilities of different students, teachers and communities.
• - They can create a culture of testing and accountability that may reduce the intrinsic motivation, engagement and enjoyment of students and teachers, and lead to negative consequences such as stress, anxiety, cheating or dropout.
• - They can neglect or marginalize the importance of other aspects of education that are not easily measured or standardized, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, social-emotional skills or cultural competence.
• - They can increase the influence and power of external actors, such as governments, corporations or organizations, over the educational decisions and practices of local educators, schools and districts.

Bing, 7/12/2023

(1) Standardized Test Definition - The Glossary of Education Reform. https://www.edglossary.org/standardized-test/.

(2) What you need to know about standardized testing. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/02/01/need-to-know-about-standardized-testing/.

(3) Effects of Standardized Testing on Students & Teachers | American .... https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/effects-of-standardized-testing/.

(4) Standardized Testing Pros and Cons - Does It Improve Education?. https://standardizedtests.procon.org/.

(5) 20 Standardized Tests Pros And Cons (2023) - Helpful Professor. https://helpfulprofessor.com/standardized-test-pros-cons/.

(6) Standardized test - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_test.

(7) Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/exam-royalty-free-image/476463411.

Common Core and No Child Left Behind are two different but related initiatives that aim to improve the quality and equity of education in the United States. However, they have different origins, goals, approaches and impacts on students, teachers and schools.

What is Common Core?

Common Core is a set of academic standards for math and English language arts that were developed by a group of state leaders, educators and experts in 2010. The Common Core aims to ensure that all students are prepared for college and career success by the end of high school. The Common Core defines the knowledge and skills that students should have at each grade level, but does not prescribe how to teach or assess them. States can choose whether to adopt the Common Core or not, and can also add their own standards or revisions. As of 2021, 41 states, the District of Columbia, four territories and the Department of Defense Education Activity have adopted the Common Core.

What is No Child Left Behind?

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is a federal law that was passed in 2001 and reauthorized in 2015 as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). NCLB/ESSA aims to close the achievement gap between different groups of students and hold schools accountable for student performance. NCLB/ESSA requires states to set academic standards, test students annually in grades 3-8 and once in high school, report test results by student subgroups, identify low-performing schools and intervene to improve them. States have some flexibility in how they implement NCLB/ESSA, but they also face consequences for not meeting federal requirements.

How do Common Core and No Child Left Behind work together?

Common Core and No Child Left Behind work together in several ways:

• - Common Core began, in part, as a response to NCLB, which revealed wide variation and inconsistency among state standards and expectations for student achievement.
• - Common Core supports the goal of NCLB/ESSA to ensure that all students are college and career ready by providing clearer and more rigorous standards for math and English language arts.
• - Common Core influences the design and content of the state tests that are used to measure student progress and school performance under NCLB/ESSA.
• - Common Core provides a common framework for states to collaborate and share best practices, resources and innovations in teaching and learning.

However, Common Core and No Child Left Behind also have some challenges and controversies:

• - Common Core has faced criticism and opposition from some parents, educators, policymakers and activists who question its quality, validity, appropriateness or impact on curriculum, instruction or assessment.
• - Common Core has also been associated with high-stakes testing, accountability measures and teacher evaluation systems that may have negative effects on student motivation, teacher autonomy or instructional quality.
• - NCLB/ESSA has faced criticism and opposition from some parents, educators, policymakers and activists who question its effectiveness, fairness, feasibility or impact on equity, diversity or innovation.
• - NCLB/ESSA has also been associated with narrowing the curriculum, teaching to the test or gaming the system to meet federal requirements or avoid sanctions.

Bing, 7/12/2023

(1) The Common Core FAQ : NPR Ed : NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/05/27/307755798/the-common-core-faq.

(2) No Child Left Behind vs. Common Core - FindLaw. https://www.findlaw.com/education/curriculum-standards-school-funding/no-child-left-behind-vs-common-core.html.

(3) 7 Major Differences between No Child Left Behind & Common Core. https://pioneerinstitute.org/blog/7-major-differences-between-no-child-left-behind-and-common-corerace-to-the-top/.

(4) Common Core Vs. No Child Left Behind - 1158 Words | Cram. https://www.cram.com/essay/Common-Core-Vs-No-Child-Left-Behind/FCJWW5PLMXB.

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) are a set of academic standards for math and English language arts that were developed by a group of state leaders, educators and experts in 2010. The CCSS aim to ensure that all students are prepared for college and career success by the end of high school. However, some states have revised or replaced the CCSS over time, either to address local feedback, concerns or preferences, or to distance themselves from the national initiative.

Major revisions made by states to Common Core standards

Some of the major revisions made by states to Common Core standards are:

• - Adding or deleting content: Some states have added or deleted content from the CCSS to reflect their own priorities, expectations or values. For example, some states have added more emphasis on cursive writing, grammar, literature, financial literacy, state history or culture.
• - Rearranging or reorganizing content: Some states have rearranged or reorganized content from the CCSS to suit their own grade-level progression, scope and sequence or instructional approach. For example, some states have moved some standards to different grade levels, clustered some standards together or split some standards apart.
• - Changing terminology or language: Some states have changed terminology or language from the CCSS to avoid confusion, controversy or association with the national initiative. For example, some states have replaced the term "Common Core" with their own name for the standards, such as "College and Career Ready Standards" or "Academic Standards".
• - Aligning with other standards or frameworks: Some states have aligned their standards with other standards or frameworks that they use or value, such as state-specific standards for other subjects, national standards for science or social studies, or international benchmarks for education.

Areas that have changed

Some of the areas that have changed in the revised or replaced standards are:

• - Phonics and word recognition: Some states have changed the way they teach and assess phonics and word recognition skills, such as by introducing different phonetic patterns, spelling rules or decoding strategies.
• - Text complexity and analysis: Some states have changed the way they measure and evaluate text complexity and analysis skills, such as by using different formulas, criteria or rubrics to determine the appropriate level and quality of texts for students.
• - Writing genres and modes: Some states have changed the way they define and teach writing genres and modes, such as by adding or removing specific types of writing, such as narrative, informative/explanatory, opinion/argumentative or research.
• - Mathematical practices and content: Some states have changed the way they emphasize and integrate mathematical practices and content, such as by adding or removing specific mathematical domains, topics or skills, such as geometry, algebra, fractions or functions.

Bing, 7/12/2023

(1) Common Core implementation by state - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core_implementation_by_state.

(2) Common Core State Standards - Understood. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/common-core-state-standards-what-you-need-to-know.

(3) Common Core States [Updated May 2023] - World Population Review. https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/common-core-states.

(4) Common Core State Standards Initiative - Ballotpedia. https://ballotpedia.org/Common_Core_State_Standards_Initiative.

(5) Common Core - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core.

K12 education standards in the United States vary by state, but most states have adopted or adapted the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for math and English language arts. The CCSS are a set of academic expectations for what students should know and be able to do in each grade level, from kindergarten to 12th grade. The CCSS were developed by a group of state leaders, educators and experts in 2010 with the goal of ensuring that all students are prepared for college and career success.

Which states follow the national standards?

There is no official national standard for K12 education in the United States, but the CCSS are the closest approximation. As of 2021, 41 states, the District of Columbia, four territories and the Department of Defense Education Activity have adopted the CCSS and are working toward implementation. One state—Minnesota—uses only the CCSS for English language arts. The other states either never adopted the CCSS, or adopted it but are rewriting or replacing it.

The following table shows the current status of CCSS adoption by state, according to EdWeek:

State | Status |

Alabama | Adopted |

Alaska | Did not adopt |

Arizona | Adopted with revisions |

Arkansas | Adopted with revisions |

California | Adopted |

Colorado | Adopted with additions |

Connecticut | Adopted |

Delaware | Adopted |

District of Columbia | Adopted |

Florida | Adopted with revisions |

Georgia | Adopted with revisions |

Hawaii | Adopted |

Idaho | Adopted with revisions |

Illinois | Adopted |

Indiana | Replaced |

Iowa | Adopted with additions |

Kansas | Adopted |

Kentucky | Adopted with revisions |

Louisiana | Adopted with revisions |

 Maine | Adopted |

Maryland | Adopted |

Massachusetts | Adopted with additions |

Michigan | Adopted with revisions |

Minnesota | ELA only |

Mississippi | Adopted with revisions |

Missouri | Replaced |

Montana | Adopted with additions |

Nebraska | Did not adopt |

Nevada | Adopted with revisions |

New Hampshire | Adopted with additions |

New Jersey | Adopted with revisions |

New Mexico | Adopted with additions |

New York | Adopted with revisions |

North Carolina | Adopted with revisions |

North Dakota | Replaced |

Ohio | Adopted with revisions |

Oklahoma | Replaced |

Oregon | Adopted with additions |

Pennsylvania | Replaced |

Rhode Island | Adopted |

South Carolina | Replaced |

South Dakota | Replaced |

Tennessee | Replaced |

Texas | Did not adopt |

Utah | Replaced |

Vermont | Adopted with additions|

Virginia | Did not adopt|

Washington | Adopted|

West Virginia Adopted with revisions|

< Wisconsin Adopted >

< Wyoming Adopted >

Which states are the leaders in following the national standards?

There is no definitive answer to which states are the leaders in following the national standards, as different states may have different levels of implementation, quality and outcomes. However, some possible indicators of leadership are:

• - The degree of alignment between the state standards and the CCSS
• - The quality and rigor of the state assessments and accountability systems
• - The availability and effectiveness of professional development and resources for teachers and schools
• - The level of stakeholder engagement and support for the standards
• - The performance and progress of students on national and international tests

Based on these indicators, some examples of states that have shown leadership in following the national standards are:

• - California: California has adopted the CCSS without major changes and has developed its own assessments aligned to the standards. The state has also invested in professional development, instructional materials and technology to support implementation. California has also engaged parents, educators and communities in understanding and supporting the standards.
• - Massachusetts: Massachusetts has adopted the CCSS with some additions and has maintained its own high-quality assessments that incorporate items from other consortia. The state has also provided extensive professional development, guidance and resources for teachers and schools. Massachusetts has also consistently performed well on national and international tests.
• - Kentucky: Kentucky was one of the first states to adopt the CCSS and has revised its standards over time to reflect feedback and evidence. The state has also developed its own assessments aligned to the standards and has implemented a comprehensive accountability system. Kentucky has also involved teachers, parents and students in promoting and improving the standards.

Which states have developed their own state standards that are similar to Common Core standards?

Some states have developed their own state standards that are similar to Common Core standards, either by revising or replacing the CCSS. These states may have made minor or major changes to the content, organization or terminology of the standards, but still aim to align with the college and career readiness expectations of the CCSS. Some examples of these states are:

• - Indiana: Indiana replaced the CCSS with its own College and Career Ready Standards in 2014. The new standards are similar to the CCSS in many ways, but also include some differences, such as more emphasis on cursive writing, grammar and literature.
• - Oklahoma: Oklahoma replaced the CCSS with its own Oklahoma Academic Standards in 2016. The new standards are based on the CCSS, but also incorporate input from local educators, experts and stakeholders. The new standards also include some unique features, such as a focus on financial literacy, Oklahoma history and Native American culture.
• - Utah: Utah replaced the CCSS with its own Utah Core Standards in 2016. The new standards are largely aligned to the CCSS, but also reflect some modifications, such as more flexibility for local districts, more attention to Utah-specific topics and more integration of technology.

Bing, 7/12/2023

(1) Common Core State Standards and Assessments in K–12 Education. https://www.nassp.org/learn-the-issues/college-and-career-ready-standards/common-core-state-standards-and-assessments-in-k-12-education/.

(2) Common Core State Standards - Understood. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/common-core-state-standards-what-you-need-to-know.

(3) Curriculum: National and State Standards | Education World. https://www.educationworld.com/standards/.

(4) Kindergarten in the United States | K12 Academics. https://www.k12academics.com/school-grades/kindergarten.

(5) K-12 education content standards in the states - Ballotpedia. https://ballotpedia.org/K-12_education_content_standards_in_the_states.

Standardization in education is the process of establishing and implementing common standards, curricula, assessments and policies for teaching and learning across different schools, districts or countries. Standardization in education can have both benefits and drawbacks, depending on how it is designed and implemented.

Benefits of standardization in education

Some of the benefits of standardization in education are:

• - It can ensure that all students have access to high-quality and relevant education that prepares them for college and career success.
• - It can provide a clear and consistent framework for teachers to plan and deliver instruction that meets the needs and expectations of students, parents and employers.
• - It can facilitate the comparison and evaluation of student achievement and school performance across different contexts and levels, enabling the identification of strengths, weaknesses and gaps.
• - It can support the improvement of educational quality and equity by providing feedback, guidance and resources for teachers, schools and districts to enhance their practices and outcomes.
• - It can foster collaboration and innovation among educators, researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders by sharing best practices, evidence and experiences.

Drawbacks of standardization in education

Some of the drawbacks of standardization in education are:

• - It can limit the diversity and creativity of teaching and learning by imposing a one-size-fits-all approach that may not suit the needs, interests and abilities of different students, teachers and communities.
• - It can create a culture of testing and accountability that may reduce the intrinsic motivation, engagement and enjoyment of students and teachers, and lead to negative consequences such as stress, anxiety, cheating or dropout.
• - It can neglect or marginalize the importance of other aspects of education that are not easily measured or standardized, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, social-emotional skills or cultural competence.
• - It can increase the influence and power of external actors, such as governments, corporations or organizations, over the educational decisions and practices of local educators, schools and districts.
• - It can generate resistance or backlash from some groups or individuals who may perceive standardization as a threat to their autonomy, identity or values.

Bing, 7/12/2023

(1) The Pros and Cons of Standards-Based Education – UWSuper. https://online.uwsuper.edu/degrees/education/msed/educational-administration/pros-cons-standards-based-education/.

(2) Effects of Standardized Testing on Students & Teachers: Key Benefits .... https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/effects-of-standardized-testing/.

(3) ISO - Education about standards. https://www.iso.org/education-about-standards.html.

(4) Equity and Standardization: Are they Compatible? - Impact Tulsa. https://www.impacttulsa.org/2020/01/02/impacttulsa-equity-in-education-defining-equity-2/.

(5) 5 Reasons to Have a Standardized Curriculum - BORGEN. https://www.borgenmagazine.com/5-reasons-to-have-a-standardized-curriculum/.

(6) Education Standardization: Essential or Harmful? | Getting Smart. https://www.gettingsmart.com/2013/04/26/education-standardization-essential-or-harmful/.

What is The Science of Reading?

The Science of Reading is a term that refers to a body of evidence that encompasses multi-disciplinary knowledge from education, linguistics, cognitive psychology, special education and neuroscience. The Science of Reading looks at the essential cognitive processes for competent reading and describes how reading develops in both typical and atypical readers⁴.

According to the National Center on Improving Literacy, The Science of Reading is:

• - A collection of research from multiple fields of study using methods that confirm and disconfirm theories on how children best learn to read.
• - Teaching based on the 5 Big Ideas: Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary and Comprehension.
• - Ever evolving as new research and evidence emerge over time¹.

Why is it controversial?

The Science of Reading is a controversial topic because it has been used to fuel a long-running debate over the best way to teach reading, specifically whether phonics or whole language is best. Some teachers are outraged that they had never learned how to teach phonics in their teacher preparation programs. Others argue that the Science of Reading is often used rhetorically to deny reasonable differences and cut off healthy debate. Some researchers and ELL experts argue that states that have taken up these initiatives have narrowed literacy instruction to a few foundational reading skills that fail to meet the needs of English learners⁵.

Some critics of the Science of Reading movement also worry that it ignores the importance of language, identity, culture and sociocultural contexts in reading development. They fear that it creates children who can read words proficiently, but who have little in the way of critical thinking or comprehension skills⁷.

Who are the supporters and opponents of this method?

It is hard to identify clear supporters and opponents of this method because different people may define it differently and may agree or disagree with some aspects of it. However, some general trends can be observed:

• - Supporters of the Science of Reading tend to emphasize the importance of phonics instruction, especially for struggling readers. They often cite research that shows the benefits of systematic and explicit phonics teaching for word recognition and reading comprehension. They may also advocate for state policies that mandate phonics-based instruction and assessment for early grades. Some examples of supporters are:
•   - The Reading League, a nonprofit organization that aims to advance the awareness, understanding and use of evidence-based reading instruction³.
•   - Amplify Education, a company that provides curriculum materials and assessments aligned with the Science of Reading².
•   - Emily Hanford, a journalist who has produced several documentaries and articles criticizing balanced literacy and promoting the Science of Reading⁶.
• - Opponents of the Science of Reading tend to emphasize the complexity and diversity of reading development and instruction. They often cite research that shows the limitations of phonics instruction and the need for more holistic and contextualized approaches to literacy. They may also oppose state policies that impose narrow criteria for teaching and identifying reading difficulties. Some examples of opponents are:

•   - Lucy Calkins, a professor at Columbia University and the founder of Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, a popular balanced literacy program⁸.
•   - P.L. Thomas, a professor at Furman University and a blogger who critiques the Science of Reading as propaganda⁸.
•   - Nell Duke, a professor at University of Michigan and a researcher who studies literacy development in diverse contexts⁷.

Who is funding this campaign?

There is no definitive answer to who is funding this campaign because different groups and individuals may have different motives and agendas for promoting or opposing the Science of Reading. However, some possible sources of funding are:

• - Foundations and philanthropies that support education reform initiatives, such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Walton Family Foundation, or the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative.
• - Publishers and companies that sell curriculum materials, assessments or professional development services related to the Science of Reading, such as Amplify Education, Zaner-Bloser or Voyager Sopris Learning.
• - Advocacy groups and organizations that lobby for policy changes or public awareness campaigns related to the Science of Reading, such as The Reading League, Decoding Dyslexia or National Right to Read Foundation.

What are and how does The Science of Reading affect 3rd grade retention laws?

Third grade retention laws are state policies that require students to demonstrate adequate reading proficiency by the end of third grade or face being held back for another year. These laws are based on the assumption that third grade is a critical point in reading development when students shift from learning to read to reading to learn.

The Science of Reading may affect these laws in several ways:

• - It may provide a rationale for these laws by claiming that phonics-based instruction can prevent reading failure and ensure that all students are reading on grade level by third grade.
• - It may influence the criteria and assessments used to determine reading proficiency and eligibility for retention or promotion, such as standardized tests or screening tools that measure phonics skills.
• - It may shape the interventions and supports offered to students who are at risk of retention or who have been retained, such as intensive phonics instruction or tutoring.

However, the effects of the Science of Reading on these laws may vary depending on how it is interpreted and implemented by different states, districts, schools and teachers. There is also a lack of evidence on the long-term outcomes and impacts of these laws on students' academic and social-emotional development.

Bing, 7/12/2023

(1) Introduction to the science of reading | Australian Education Research .... https://www.edresearch.edu.au/resources/introduction-science-reading.

(2) The Science of Reading: The Basics - National Center on Improving Literacy. https://improvingliteracy.org/brief/science-reading-basics.

(3) Popular Literacy Materials Get 'Science of Reading' Overhaul. But Will .... https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/popular-literacy-materials-get-science-of-reading-overhaul-but-will-teaching-change/2021/10.

(4) What is the "Science of Reading," and why does it matter?. https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/news/2021/atp-science-of-reading.

(5) The Reading League - The Science of Reading. https://www.thereadingleague.org/.

(6) The science of reading explained - Teach. Learn. Grow.. https://www.nwea.org/blog/2022/the-science-of-reading-explained/.

(7) Is there really a ‘science of reading’? - The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/01/26/readingwars-scienceofreading-teaching/.

(8) NYT Blasts Calkins with “Science of Reading” propaganda. https://radicalscholarship.com/2022/05/23/nyt-blasts-calkins-with-science-of-reading-propaganda/.

BILLY BALDWIN: WHY VISIT FLORIDA WHEN YOU COULD JUST TAKE A SAUNA IN HELL

BILLY BALDWIN: WHY VISIT FLORIDA WHEN YOU COULD JUST TAKE A SAUNA IN HELL

Billy Baldwin, the actor and outspoken critic of Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, has dubbed the Sunshine State the "Bud Light of tourism". And honestly, he's not wrong.

DeSantis' policies on LGBTQ+ rights, immigration, and gun control have caused a mass exodus of tourists and conventions from Florida. It's like the state is a party and everyone is leaving early because the host is a buzzkill.

But what does Baldwin mean by "Bud Light of tourism"? Well, it's a reference to the recent backlash against the beer brand after they collaborated with a transgender influencer. Some consumers accused Bud Light of promoting an agenda that goes against their values and beliefs. DeSantis supported the boycott and even said that conservative customers have the power to hold the company accountable. So, in essence, Florida is the Bud Light of tourism because it's a place where conservative values are put above all else, even if it means losing out on billions of dollars in revenue.

And speaking of losing out on revenue, let's talk about DeSantis' feud with Disney. The company owns several theme parks in Florida that generate billions of dollars for the state. But DeSantis doesn't seem to care about that. He proposed a bill that would prohibit classroom instruction on sexual orientation and gender identity from kindergarten to third grade, and require age-appropriate material in other grades. It was dubbed the "Don't Say Gay" bill by critics. Disney opposed it and said they would fight to have it rescinded. In response, DeSantis removed Disney's favored status in Florida and created a new board with authority over their operations. It's like he's punishing them for having morals.

But here's the thing: Disney isn't taking this lying down. They've ramped up spending in California, where they're treated with respect and dignity. It's like they're saying "screw you" to DeSantis and his backwards policies.

So what's the message from DeSantis? It seems to be "go to hell or anywhere but Florida". And honestly, we might just take him up on that offer. Who wants to go to a state that values bigotry over basic human rights? Not us.

In conclusion, Billy Baldwin has hit the nail on the head with his assessment of Florida as the "Bud Light of tourism". It's a place where conservative values are put above all else, even if it means losing out on billions of dollars in revenue. But maybe that's okay. Maybe it's time to boycott Florida and show DeSantis that his policies have consequences. After all, who needs Disney World when you can go to Disneyland?

Billy Baldwin Calls Florida the 'Bud Light of Tourism' https://www.newsweek.com/billy-baldwin-florida-bud-light-tourism-ron-desantis-1811987 

Disney ramps up spending in California amid war with Ron DeSantis in Florida https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jul/11/disney-ron-desantis-florida-california-theme-parks

THE DEFT DIVE

**Billy Baldwin** is an actor who has criticized **Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis** for his policies on LGBTQ+, immigration and gun rights. He claimed that these policies have caused **thousands of tourists and conventions** to flee Florida, and called the state the "**Bud Light of tourism**" ¹.

This is a reference to the **backlash and boycott** that **Bud Light**, a beer brand, faced after collaborating with **Dylan Mulvaney**, a transgender influencer ¹. Some consumers accused Bud Light of promoting an agenda that goes against their values and beliefs. DeSantis supported the boycott and said that conservative customers have the power to hold the company accountable ³.

Another corporation that has been at odds with DeSantis is **Disney**, which owns several theme parks in Florida that generate billions of dollars in revenue for the state. The feud started over a proposed bill by DeSantis that would prohibit classroom instruction on sexual orientation and gender identity from kindergarten to third grade, and require age-appropriate material in other grades. This bill was dubbed the "**Don't Say Gay**" bill by critics ². Disney opposed the bill and said it would fight to have it rescinded. DeSantis responded by removing Disney's favored status in Florida, which gave it self-governance over its properties. He also created a new board with authority over Disney's operations ².

These are some of the main points of the conflict between DeSantis and Disney, and how Baldwin's tweet relates to them. I hope this helps you understand the situation better.

Bing, 7/11/2023

(1) Billy Baldwin Calls Florida the 'Bud Light of Tourism' - Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/billy-baldwin-florida-bud-light-tourism-ron-desantis-1811987.

(2) DeSantis comments on controversial Bud Light partnership. https://www.wfla.com/news/florida/desantis-comments-on-controversial-bud-light-partnership/.

(3) Disney’s financial fairy tale in Florida is coming to an end thanks to .... https://nypost.com/2023/04/16/disneys-financial-fairy-tale-is-coming-to-an-end-thanks-to-desantis/.

WTF IS THE READ ACT AND WHY MUST CONGRESS REAUTHORIZE IT

 

WTF IS THE READ ACT AND WHY MUST CONGRESS REAUTHORIZE IT

Attention, attention! It's time to dive deep into the world of international education and the READ Act. Don't worry, I promise to make it funny and witty. 

First things first, what is the READ Act? Well, my dear reader, it stands for Reinforcing Education Accountability in Development. Sounds fancy, right? Basically, it's a law that was passed in 2017 to promote education in developing countries. 

Now, you may be thinking, "Why should I care about education in developing countries?" Well, for starters, education is a fundamental right and it's important to ensure that everyone has access to it. Plus, educated individuals are more likely to contribute positively to their communities and economies. 

But let's get back to the READ Act. Congress must reauthorize it because it's essential for promoting education and creating a better world. Without it, we risk leaving millions of children without access to quality education. And that's not funny at all. 

So, what can we do to ensure that Congress reauthorizes the READ Act? Well, we could send them a strongly worded letter. Or we could organize a protest outside of their offices. But let's be real, who has time for that? 

Instead, let's use our wit and humor to persuade them. We could send them a funny video of us attempting to do math without an education. Or we could create a meme of a sad child with the caption "When Congress doesn't reauthorize the READ Act." 

But in all seriousness, international education is crucial for creating a better world. It's up to us to make sure that Congress reauthorizes the READ Act and keeps it a priority. So let's get creative and make our voices heard. 

In conclusion, the READ Act may sound like just another law, but it has the power to change lives and create a brighter future. So let's put on our funny hats and get to work convincing Congress to reauthorize it. Who knows, maybe one day we'll live in a world where education is accessible to all. And that's no joke.

Congress must reauthorize the READ Act and keep international education a priority | The Hill https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/4087349-congress-must-reauthorize-the-read-act-and-keep-international-education-a-priority/ 

THE DEFT DIVE

 What is the READ Act?

There are two different bills with the same name: the **Reading Early and Addressing Dyslexia Act** or the **READ Act** (H.R.2023) and the **Reinforcing Education Accountability in Development Act** or the **READ Act** (S.3257).

The first one is a bill introduced in the House of Representatives on March 18, 2021 by Rep. Chrissy Houlahan [D-PA-6]. It aims to establish an early literacy and dyslexia intervention pilot program to award grants to five state educational agencies to address early reading deficiencies and dyslexia¹.

The second one is a bill introduced in the Senate on March 2, 2022 by Sen. Marco Rubio [R-FL]. It aims to reauthorize and amend the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to promote quality basic education in developing countries³.

Who are the supporters of the READ Act?

The supporters of the first READ Act (H.R.2023) include its sponsor Rep. Chrissy Houlahan and its cosponsors Rep. Bruce Westerman [R-AR-4], Rep. Julia Brownley [D-CA-26], Rep. Brian Fitzpatrick [R-PA-1], Rep. Larry Bucshon [R-IN-8], Rep. David Trone [D-MD-6], Rep. David McKinley [R-WV-1], Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz [D-FL-23], and Rep. Rodney Davis [R-IL-13]¹.

The supporters of the second READ Act (S.3257) include its sponsor Sen. Marco Rubio and its cosponsors Sen. Richard Durbin [D-IL], Sen. Tina Smith [D-MN], and Rep. Karen Bass [D-CA-37]³.

Bing, 7/11/2023

(1) H.R.2023 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): READ Act. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2023.

(2) Rubio, Durbin, Smith, Bass Introduce Legislation to Reauthorize READ .... https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2022/3/rubio-durbin-smith-bass-introduce-legislation-to-reauthorize-read-act-continue-global-access-to-education.

(3) Text - H.R.2023 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): READ Act. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2023/text.

(4) Colorado READ Act Information for Parents | CDE. https://www.cde.state.co.us/coloradoliteracy/generalinfo-parents.

CHRISTOPHER RUFO IS THE DEVIL

 

CHRISTOPHER RUFO IS THE DEVIL

State charges New College student with battery for allegedly spitting on trustee Rufo

In a shocking turn of events, Christopher Rufo, the devil incarnate and conservative activist, has found himself in the middle of a spitting scandal. Yes, you read that right - spitting. And not just any spitting, but allegedly being spat on by a New College student who was charged with battery. 

It all started when Rufo was appointed as one of the college's new trustees, tasked with transforming the public liberal arts program. As a vocal critic of diversity policies and critical race theory, Rufo was already a controversial figure on campus. But things took a turn for the worse when he started blowing kisses at students. 

Now, I don't know about you, but when I think of blowing kisses, I picture a sweet old grandma sending love to her grandkids. But when Rufo does it, it's just plain creepy. I mean, this guy looks like he's straight out of a horror movie. And don't even get me started on his politics. 

But back to the spitting incident. According to reports, the New College student allegedly spat on Rufo during a heated exchange. Now, I'm not condoning violence or anything, but you have to admit - it's kind of funny. I mean, who spits on someone in this day and age? It's like we're living in the Wild West or something. 

Of course, Rufo was quick to play the victim card, taking to Twitter to decry the "violent left" and their "intolerance." Because apparently, blowing kisses is totally fine, but spitting is just beyond the pale. Give me a break. 

But let's not forget the real issue here - Christopher Rufo is the devil. Okay, maybe not literally, but he might as well be. This is a guy who actively works to dismantle diversity policies and critical race theory, two things that are crucial in creating a more just and equitable society. And yet, he's been appointed as a trustee to help transform a liberal arts program? It's like putting a fox in charge of the henhouse. 

So what can we do about it? Well, for starters, we can call out Rufo for what he is - a dangerous ideologue who wants to roll back progress and maintain the status quo. We can also continue to push for more diversity and inclusion in all aspects of society, including education. And if all else fails, we can always resort to spitting on him. Just kidding (kind of). 

In all seriousness though, Christopher Rufo is not someone we should be celebrating or giving a platform to. He represents everything that is wrong with our society - intolerance, bigotry, and a refusal to acknowledge systemic inequality. So let's keep fighting against him and others like him, and maybe one day we'll live in a world where blowing kisses is more common than spitting.

New College of Florida student charged after complaint by trustee Rufo https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/education/2023/07/11/new-college-of-florida-student-charged-after-complaint-by-trustee-rufo/70398402007/ 

State charges New College student with battery for allegedly spitting on trustee Rufo https://news.yahoo.com/state-charges-college-student-battery-080316250.html 

THE DEFT DIVE

Christopher Rufo is a conservative activist and journalist who has been leading a campaign against critical race theory (CRT), a school of legal scholarship that examines how racism is embedded in laws and institutions¹. Hillsdale College is a private conservative liberal arts college that the DeSantis administration is referencing as its model for transforming New College of Florida, a public liberal arts college in Sarasota². New College of Florida has been a topic of legislative debate in recent years as school enrollment has fallen into the hundreds and the cost of tuition is higher than Florida’s public higher education institutions³. Ron DeSantis is the Republican governor of Florida who has appointed Rufo and five others to the New College of Florida Board of Trustees in his continuing move to eliminate “political ideology” from public higher education²⁴. The move has sparked controversy and criticism from some faculty, students and alumni of New College, who fear that the new board members will undermine the academic freedom and diversity of the school.

Bing, 7/11/2023

(1) Gov. DeSantis taps Christopher Rufo, 5 others to transform New College .... https://floridapolitics.com/archives/579522-gov-desantis-taps-christopher-rufo-5-others-to-transform-new-college-of-florida-into-classical-college/.

(2) Governor Ron DeSantis Appoints Six to the New College of Florida Board .... https://www.flgov.com/2023/01/06/governor-ron-desantis-appoints-six-to-the-new-college-of-florida-board-of-trustees/.

(3) Gov. Ron DeSantis wants conservative overhaul at Sarasota's New College .... https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/politics/2023/01/06/gov-ron-desantis-wants-conservative-overhaul-at-new-college-of-florida/69784941007/.

(4) New era at New College kicks off with contentious meetings. https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/politics/2023/01/25/new-college-of-florida-trustee-appointed-by-ron-desantis-reports-death-threat/69838694007/.

Christopher Rufo is a conservative activist and journalist who has been leading a campaign against critical race theory (CRT), a school of legal scholarship that examines how racism is embedded in laws and institutions¹. Rufo has been using his media platform, especially Fox News, to expose and criticize anti-bias trainings and curricula that he claims are based on CRT and are divisive, anti-American and poisonous²⁴. He has also influenced several Republican politicians, including former President Trump and Florida Governor DeSantis, to ban or restrict CRT from federal agencies, schools and workplaces¹³⁵. Rufo's efforts have sparked a lot of controversy and debate over the role of CRT in education, politics and society.

Bing, 7/11/2023

(1) How a Conservative Activist Invented the Conflict Over Critical Race .... https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/how-a-conservative-activist-invented-the-conflict-over-critical-race-theory.

(2) The engineered panic over critical race theory, explained - CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/08/politics/critical-race-theory-panic-race-deconstructed-newsletter/index.html.

(3) Chris Rufo exposes Amex's 'anti-racist etiquette' for employees on .... https://www.foxnews.com/media/amex-employees-critical-race-theory-american-express.

(4) Schools for scandal | The Economist. https://www.economist.com/interactive/united-states/2022/07/14/critical-race-theory-is-being-weaponised-whats-the-fuss-about.

(5) Christopher Rufo’s Time Has Come - National Catholic Register. https://www.ncregister.com/blog/christopher-rufo-crt.

Some of the criticisms against Rufo's campaign are:

• - He has **misrepresented** and **oversimplified** CRT as a monolithic ideology that seeks to indoctrinate students and workers with anti-white and anti-American sentiments¹²³.
• - He has **conflated** CRT with other concepts and practices, such as equity, diversity, inclusion, social justice and culturally responsive teaching, and used them as **euphemisms** to attack anything related to race and racism¹³.
• - He has **relied** on **anecdotal** and **selective** evidence, such as leaked documents and recordings from anti-bias trainings and curricula, to **sensationalize** and **demonize** CRT without providing **context** or **analysis**¹².
• - He has **influenced** a **moral panic** and a **backlash** among conservative politicians and media outlets, who have used CRT as a **scapegoat** and a **wedge issue** to mobilize their base and oppose any efforts to address systemic racism²⁴⁵.

Bing, 7/11/2023

(1) How a Conservative Activist Invented the Conflict Over Critical Race .... https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/how-a-conservative-activist-invented-the-conflict-over-critical-race-theory.

(2) Christopher Rufo and the Critical Race Theory Moral Panic. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/07/christopher-rufo-and-the-critical-race-theory-moral-panic.html.

(3) Meet Christopher Rufo — leader of the incoherent right-wing attack on .... https://www.salon.com/2021/08/01/meet-christopher-rufo--leader-of-the-incoherent-right-wing-attack-on-critical-race-theory/.

(4) Did critical race theory really swing the Virginia election? - Vox. https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2021/11/4/22761168/virginia-governor-glenn-youngkin-critical-race-theory.

(5) Critical Race Theory critic Chris Rufo says 'intellectually bankrupt .... https://www.foxnews.com/media/critical-race-theory-rufo.

Some of the critics of Rufo's campaign are:

• - **Benjamin Wallace-Wells**, a staff writer for The New Yorker, who wrote an in-depth article on how Rufo invented the conflict over CRT and used his media influence and political connections to spread misinformation and fear¹.
• - **Sarah Jones**, a senior writer for New York magazine's Intelligencer, who wrote an analysis on how Rufo manufactured a moral panic over CRT with dodgy reporting and sensationalism².
• - **The Salon staff**, who wrote an editorial on how Rufo is leading an incoherent and dishonest attack on CRT and how his campaign is harming education and democracy³.
• - **Zack Beauchamp**, a senior correspondent for Vox, who wrote a piece on how Rufo and other anti-CRT activists exploited the Virginia governor's race to create a false narrative about CRT and education⁴.

Bing, 7/11/2023

(1) How a Conservative Activist Invented the Conflict Over Critical Race .... https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/how-a-conservative-activist-invented-the-conflict-over-critical-race-theory.

(2) The Weaver: Christopher Rufo’s Insidious Campaign Against Critical Race .... https://tripod.domains.trincoll.edu/opinion/the-weaver-christopher-rufos-insidious-campaign-against-critical-race-theory-and-now-lgbtq-people/.

(3) Did critical race theory really swing the Virginia election? - Vox. https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2021/11/4/22761168/virginia-governor-glenn-youngkin-critical-race-theory.

(4) Critical Race Theory critic Chris Rufo says 'intellectually bankrupt .... https://www.foxnews.com/media/critical-race-theory-rufo.

Some of the supporters of Rufo's campaign are:

• - **Tucker Carlson**, a Fox News host, who gave Rufo a platform to spread his anti-CRT message and who frequently invited him to his show to discuss CRT-related issues¹².
• - **Donald Trump**, the former President of the United States, who issued an executive order to ban CRT from federal agencies and contractors after watching Rufo on Fox News¹².
• - **The Heritage Foundation**, a conservative think tank, who promoted Rufo's initiative and assigned several of its fellows to work with him on the anti-CRT campaign³⁴.
• - **Glenn Youngkin**, the Republican governor-elect of Virginia, who made CRT a central issue in his campaign and who vowed to ban it from schools and workplaces².

Bing, 7/11/2023

(1) How a Conservative Activist Invented the Conflict Over Critical Race .... https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/how-a-conservative-activist-invented-the-conflict-over-critical-race-theory.

(2) Activist Christopher Rufo fuels GOP’s critical race theory fight - The .... https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/06/19/critical-race-theory-rufo-republicans/.

(3) The Weaver: Christopher Rufo’s Insidious Campaign Against Critical Race .... https://tripod.domains.trincoll.edu/opinion/the-weaver-christopher-rufos-insidious-campaign-against-critical-race-theory-and-now-lgbtq-people/.

(4) Meet Christopher Rufo — leader of the incoherent right-wing attack on .... https://www.salon.com/2021/08/01/meet-christopher-rufo--leader-of-the-incoherent-right-wing-attack-on-critical-race-theory/.

WHY IS META HATING ON DESKTOPS: WTF NO APPS FOR THREADS AND INSTAGRAM

 

WHY IS META HATING ON DESKTOPS: WTF NO APPS FOR THREADS AND INSTAGRAM 

In a world where technology is constantly evolving, the battle between desktops and cell phones has been raging on for years. But why has Meta, formerly known as Facebook, abandoned the desktop market? And why is Zuke, the CEO of Meta, hating on old people? Let's dive in and find out.

Firstly, let's address the elephant in the room - why has Meta turned its back on desktops? Well, it's simple really. They've realized that people are spending more time on their cell phones than they are on their desktops. It's just a matter of convenience. You can take your cell phone with you everywhere you go, whereas a desktop is stationary. It's like comparing a turtle to a cheetah - sure, the turtle may be reliable and sturdy, but the cheetah is faster and more agile. And in today's fast-paced world, speed and agility are everything.

But what about those who still prefer to use desktops? Well, tough luck. Meta doesn't care about you anymore. They've moved on to bigger and better things, like virtual reality and augmented reality. It's like they've broken up with desktops and moved on to a younger, hotter model. So if you're still clinging onto your old desktop like it's a life raft in a sea of cell phones, it's time to let go.

Now onto Zuke. Why is he hating on old people? Is it because they still use desktops? Is it because they don't understand how to use cell phones? The truth is, Zuke isn't actually hating on old people - he's just trying to appeal to a younger demographic. By making Meta more mobile-friendly and focusing on newer technologies, he's hoping to attract a younger audience. It's like when your dad tries to use slang to sound cool - it may be cringe-worthy, but he's just trying to fit in.

But let's not forget about the older generation. They may not be as tech-savvy as their younger counterparts, but they still deserve respect. After all, they're the ones who paved the way for all the technology we have today. So let's not leave them behind in this race to be the most mobile-friendly. Let's help them out and show them the wonders of cell phones. Who knows, maybe they'll even start using emojis.

In conclusion, the battle between desktops and cell phones may never end. But one thing is for sure - Meta has abandoned the desktop market and is focusing on newer technologies. And while Zuke may not be hating on old people, he's just trying to appeal to a younger audience. So let's embrace the change and move forward into this mobile-friendly world. And who knows, maybe one day we'll all be using virtual reality headsets instead of cell phones. But until then, let's not forget about the trusty old desktop. After all, it's been there for us through thick and thin (and countless hours of procrastination).

Introducing Threads: A New Way to Share With Text | Meta https://about.fb.com/news/2023/07/introducing-threads-new-app-text-sharing/ 

CAN AMERICA SURVIVE ANOTHER TERM OF THIS COURT? WE'RE NOT SO SURE

 

CAN AMERICA SURVIVE ANOTHER TERM OF THIS COURT? WE'RE NOT SO SURE

Ladies and gentlemen, buckle up because American democracy is in for a wild ride. The question on everyone's mind is: can America stand another Supreme Court term? Well, let's take a look at the changes made by the court since Trump appointed three conservative justices and see if we can come up with an answer.

First of all, let's just say that the Supreme Court has been busier than a one-legged man in a butt-kicking contest. They've taken on cases that range from LGBTQ+ rights to abortion to immigration. And let's not forget about the recent confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett, which has brought the total number of conservative justices to six.

Now, some people might argue that having a conservative majority on the court is a good thing. After all, they're just interpreting the Constitution, right? Wrong. These justices have been making decisions that would make even Judge Judy raise an eyebrow.

For example, they recently ruled that LGBTQ+ people can be fired from their jobs just for being who they are. And let's not forget about their decision to uphold a Louisiana law that would have severely restricted access to abortion. These decisions are not only harmful to marginalized communities but also a direct attack on our democracy.

So, can America stand another Supreme Court term? Honestly, it's hard to say. But one thing is for sure: something needs to change. Here are a few ideas:

1. Expand the court: This might sound radical, but it's been done before. In fact, the number of justices on the Supreme Court has changed several times throughout history. By adding more justices, we can create a more balanced court that reflects the diversity of our country.

2. Term limits: Justices currently serve for life, which means that their decisions can have an impact on our country for decades. By implementing term limits, we can ensure that new voices and perspectives are brought to the court on a regular basis.

3. Get involved: We can't just sit back and wait for the Supreme Court to make decisions that affect our lives. We need to get involved in our communities, support organizations that fight for justice, and vote in every election.

In conclusion, the damage done to American democracy by the current Supreme Court cannot be ignored. But we still have hope. By taking action and demanding change, we can create a more just and equitable society for all. And who knows, maybe one day we'll look back on this time and laugh at how crazy things were. Or maybe we'll just cry. Either way, let's keep fighting.

A look at Supreme Court term that ended affirmative action, debt relief https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/07/10/stats-supreme-court-student-debt-relief-takeways/70378410007/ 

THE DEFT DIVE

Some of the most controversial cases of the 6-3 Roberts court are:

• - **Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)**: The court overturned **Roe v. Wade (1973)** and **Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)**, which had established a constitutional right to abortion and prohibited states from imposing an undue burden on women seeking to terminate their pregnancies. The court upheld a Mississippi law that banned abortions after 15 weeks of gestation, except in cases of medical emergency or severe fetal abnormality, finding that the state had a compelling interest in protecting fetal life and that the law did not impose an undue burden on women¹.
• - **Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College (2023)**: The court overturned **Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)** and its progeny, which had allowed colleges and universities to use race as one factor among many in their admissions policies to promote diversity and remedy past discrimination. The court struck down Harvard's holistic consideration of race as part of an applicant's background, holding that it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and that any use of race in admissions was subject to strict scrutiny¹.
• - **Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee (2021)**: The court upheld two Arizona voting laws that restricted ballot collection and invalidated ballots cast in the wrong precinct, rejecting claims that they violated Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act and discriminated against minority voters. The court adopted a narrow interpretation of Section 2, finding that it required plaintiffs to show that a voting rule caused a substantial disparity in opportunities for minority voters, and that other factors, such as the state's interest in preventing fraud, could justify such rules².
• - **Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)**: The court struck down a California law that required nonprofit organizations to disclose their major donors to the state attorney general, finding that it violated the First Amendment right to freedom of association. The court applied exacting scrutiny to the law, finding that it imposed a widespread burden on donors' privacy rights and chilled their participation in expressive activities, and that the state had failed to show a sufficiently important interest or a narrow tailoring of the law².
• - **Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid (2021)**: The court ruled that a California regulation that granted union organizers access to agricultural employers' property for up to three hours per day, 120 days per year, amounted to a taking of private property without just compensation under the Fifth Amendment. The court rejected the argument that the regulation was merely a limitation on the right to exclude others from one's property, and held that it created a permanent physical occupation that triggered a per se rule requiring compensation².

These cases are controversial because they reflect a sharp right turn by the court on issues such as abortion rights, affirmative action, voting rights, campaign finance, and property rights. They also show the influence of Trump's appointees, who have joined forces with the other conservative justices to form a solid majority that often overrides the dissenting views of the liberal justices¹². Some critics have argued that these rulings undermine democracy, civil rights, and social justice, while some supporters have praised them for protecting constitutional freedoms, state sovereignty, and public safety¹².

I hope this helps you understand some of the most controversial cases of the 6-3 Roberts court. If you want to learn more, you can follow these links:

Bing, 7/10/2023

(1) The Roberts Court Isn’t Getting More Moderate. https://washingtonmonthly.com/2023/07/10/the-roberts-court-isnt-getting-more-moderate/.

(2) How John Roberts exhibited his power in the Supreme Court ... - The Hill. https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/4085653-how-john-roberts-exhibited-his-power-in-the-supreme-courts-biggest-decisions/.

(3) Roberts Court - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Court.

The major 6-3 decisions of the Supreme Court since Trump's appointees. Here are some of the cases that have been decided by a 6-3 conservative majority:

• - **Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee**: The court upheld two Arizona voting laws that restrict ballot collection and invalidate ballots cast in the wrong precinct, rejecting claims that they violated the Voting Rights Act and discriminated against minority voters¹².
• - **Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta**: The court struck down a California law that required nonprofit organizations to disclose their major donors to the state attorney general, finding that it violated the First Amendment right to freedom of association¹².
• - **Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid**: The court ruled that a California regulation that granted union organizers access to agricultural employers' property for up to three hours per day, 120 days per year, amounted to a taking of private property without just compensation under the Fifth Amendment¹².
• - **Jones v. Mississippi**: The court upheld the sentence of life without parole for a juvenile offender who was convicted of murder when he was 15 years old, holding that the Eighth Amendment does not require a finding of permanent incorrigibility before imposing such a sentence².
• - **Fulton v. City of Philadelphia**: The court sided with a Catholic foster care agency that refused to work with same-sex couples as potential foster parents, ruling that the city of Philadelphia violated the agency's free exercise of religion by terminating its contract².

These decisions are controversial because they reflect a sharp right turn by the court on issues such as voting rights, campaign finance, property rights, criminal justice and religious liberty. They also show the influence of Trump's appointees, who have joined forces with the other conservative justices to form a solid majority that often overrides the dissenting views of the liberal justices¹². Some critics have argued that these rulings undermine democracy, civil rights and social justice, while some supporters have praised them for protecting constitutional freedoms, state sovereignty and public safety¹².

Bing, 7/10/2023

(1) Major 6-3 rulings foreshadow a sharper Supreme Court right turn - CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/01/politics/supreme-court-6-3-conservative-liberal/index.html.

(2) Trump's appointees are turning the Supreme Court to the right with .... https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/26/politics/trump-kavanaugh-gorsuch-barrett-supreme-court/index.html.

(3) Trump’s legacy is now the Supreme Court - POLITICO. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/26/trump-legacy-supreme-court-422058.

(4) Trump’s judges will call the shots for years to come. The judicial .... https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/25/trump-judges-supreme-court-justices-judiciary.

(5) June 30, 2023 SCOTUS blocks Biden's student loan plan and limits ... - CNN. https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/supreme-court-decisions-06-30-23/index.html.