SCHOOLS KEEP LOSING THEIR SHEEP: A TALE OF CHRONIC ABSENTEEISM

 

SCHOOLS KEEP LOSING THEIR SHEEP: A TALE OF CHRONIC ABSENTEEISM

We all remember the nursery rhyme about Little Bo Peep and her lost sheep. But did you know that schools these days are losing their own sheep too? Yes, I'm talking about chronic absenteeism, the bane of every teacher's existence. It's like trying to herd cats, only worse.

You see, chronic absenteeism is when a student misses at least 10 percent of school days for any reason, including excused and unexcused absences. That's like missing two days every month, which adds up to 18 to 20 days in a school year. And let's face it, if you're not in school, you're not learning. It's like trying to win a race without showing up to the starting line.

But why are students not showing up to school? Is it because they're sick? Or because they're being bullied? Or because they're just too lazy to get out of bed? Well, according to a recent study, students who come from low-income families, students of color, students with disabilities, and students involved in the juvenile justice system are more likely to be chronically absent. And let's not forget about the social determinants of health, like unsafe school conditions, housing instability, and substance abuse, that can also affect attendance.

Now, you might be thinking, "Well, why can't the schools just fix all these problems?" Ah, if only it were that easy. You see, chronic absenteeism is a complex issue with no easy solutions. It's like trying to untangle a ball of yarn that's been chewed up by a cat. You have to take it one strand at a time.

But fear not, dear reader, for there is hope. The federal initiative Every Student, Every Day has produced a toolkit that outlines how schools can do more to prevent chronic absenteeism. And let me tell you, some of these ideas are pure genius.

For example, one program called AttenDANCE rewards middle school students for being present at least 95 percent of their second quarter of school by letting them attend a dance. Yes, you heard that right. A dance. Because apparently, nothing motivates kids more than the chance to bust a move with their friends.

Another program called Count Me In! rewards entire districts for good attendance with prizes like a new car for one lucky high schooler. I mean, who needs good grades when you can have a shiny new ride, am I right?

But in all seriousness, chronic absenteeism is a serious issue that affects not only academic achievement but also social-emotional development and future outcomes. We need to take it seriously and address the underlying causes with evidence-based interventions and best practices.

So, if you're a teacher or a parent or just someone who cares about education, let's work together to keep those sheep in the fold. Because if we don't, we might end up with a whole lot of Little Bo Peeps running around wondering where their education went.

Millions of kids are missing weeks of school as attendance tanks across the US | EdSource https://edsource.org/2023/millions-of-kids-are-missing-weeks-of-school-as-attendance-tanks-across-the-us/695460 

Chronic absenteeism | American Federation of Teachers https://www.aft.org/childrens-health-safety-and-well-being/childrens-access-care/chronic-absenteeism#:~:text=Additionally%2C%20major%20social%20determinants%20of,delinquency%20affect%20a%20student's%20attendance

More than 300,000 Colorado students chronically absent last year https://www.denverpost.com/2023/08/11/colorado-chronically-absent-students-enrollment-pandemic/ 

Sacramento schools see huge increase in chronic absences | The Sacramento Bee https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/education/article278140457.html 

 

THE DEFT DIVE

FROM BARD AI

School attendance and chronic absenteeism:

• What is chronic absenteeism?

Chronic absenteeism is defined as missing 10% or more of school days for any reason. This can include excused absences (such as illness or family emergencies) and unexcused absences (such as truancy). Students who are chronically absent are at a much higher risk of academic failure, dropping out of school, and engaging in risky behaviors.

• What are the causes of chronic absenteeism?

There are many factors that can contribute to chronic absenteeism, including:

• * Poverty: Students living in poverty are more likely to be chronically absent due to a lack of reliable transportation, food insecurity, and unstable housing.
• * Homelessness: Homeless students are more likely to be chronically absent due to unstable housing and a lack of access to basic necessities.
• * Health problems: Students with chronic health problems are more likely to be absent from school.
• * Learning disabilities: Students with learning disabilities may struggle to keep up in school and may be more likely to miss school due to frustration or anxiety.
• * Mental health problems: Students with mental health problems may also be more likely to miss school due to anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues.
• * Truancy: Truancy is the intentional act of skipping school. Students who truant may do so for a variety of reasons, such as boredom, peer pressure, or family problems.

How does chronic absenteeism affect academic performance?

Chronic absenteeism has a significant negative impact on academic performance. Students who are chronically absent are more likely to score lower on standardized tests, have lower grades, and be less likely to graduate from high school. They are also more likely to drop out of school and engage in risky behaviors, such as substance abuse and crime.

What can be done to address chronic absenteeism?

There are a number of things that can be done to address chronic absenteeism, including:

• * Early intervention: Schools should identify students who are at risk of chronic absenteeism early on and provide them with support services.
• * Family engagement: Schools should work with families to understand the reasons why their children are absent and develop strategies to improve attendance.
• * Community partnerships: Schools should partner with community organizations to provide students with access to resources that can help them overcome barriers to attendance, such as transportation, food, and health care.
• * School climate: Schools should create a positive school climate that makes students feel safe and welcome. This can help to reduce truancy and increase attendance.

Chronic absenteeism is a serious problem that has a significant impact on students' academic achievement and life outcomes. By taking steps to address chronic absenteeism, we can help to ensure that all students have the opportunity to succeed in school and beyond.

In addition to the causes and effects of chronic absenteeism that I mentioned above, here are some other things to keep in mind:

• Chronic absenteeism is a complex issue with no easy solutions. It is important to address the underlying causes of chronic absenteeism in order to make a lasting impact.
• Schools and communities need to work together to address chronic absenteeism. No single entity can solve this problem on its own.
• Early intervention is key to preventing chronic absenteeism. Schools need to identify students who are at risk of chronic absenteeism early on and provide them with support services.
• Families play a critical role in preventing chronic absenteeism. Schools need to work with families to understand the reasons why their children are absent and develop strategies to improve attendance.
• Community partnerships are essential to addressing chronic absenteeism. Schools need to partner with community organizations to provide students with access to resources that can help them overcome barriers to attendance, such as transportation, food, and health care.

FROM BING AI

School attendance and chronic absenteeism are important topics in education research and policy. School attendance refers to the number of days a student attends school in a given period, usually a school year. Chronic absenteeism is defined as missing 10% or more of school days for any reason, including excused and unexcused absences, suspensions, and health problems¹. Chronic absenteeism can have negative effects on students' academic achievement, social-emotional development, and future outcomes².

There are many factors that can influence school attendance and chronic absenteeism, such as individual, family, school, community, and systemic issues. Some of the common causes of absenteeism include:

• - Illness or injury
• - Mental health problems
• - Family responsibilities or emergencies
• - Transportation difficulties
• - Safety concerns
• - Bullying or harassment
• - Disengagement or boredom
• - Lack of support or resources³

To address school attendance and chronic absenteeism, researchers and practitioners have proposed and implemented various interventions and best practices at different levels. Some of the general strategies include:

• - Monitoring and analyzing attendance data to identify patterns and trends
• - Communicating with students and families about the importance and expectations of attendance
• - Providing positive incentives and recognition for good attendance
• - Offering personalized support and guidance for students at risk of chronic absenteeism
• - Collaborating with community partners and agencies to address barriers and provide services⁴

Some examples of specific interventions and best practices are:

• - Early warning systems that use data to identify and intervene with students who show signs of chronic absenteeism⁵
• - Mentoring programs that pair students with caring adults who provide academic, social, and emotional support⁶
• - Youth engagement activities that involve students in meaningful and relevant learning opportunities that foster their interests, skills, and goals⁷
• - Addressing asthma management and prevention as a common health issue that affects school attendance⁸
• - Providing targeted transportation solutions for students who face challenges in accessing school due to distance, cost, or safety⁹
• - Truancy courts that use legal authority and incentives to hold students and families accountable for school attendance[^10^]
• - Interagency case management that coordinates services and resources across multiple sectors to address complex needs of students and families¹¹
• - Housing interventions that stabilize housing situations and reduce homelessness as a major risk factor for chronic absenteeism¹²

These are some of the ways that school attendance and chronic absenteeism can be understood and improved. 

Bing, 8/11/2023

• (1) Chronic absenteeism in Mass. has doubled since before the pandemic. https://www.boston.com/news/schools/2023/08/11/chronic-absenteeism-in-mass-has-doubled-since-before-the-pandemic/.
• (2) Millions of kids are missing weeks of school as attendance tanks across the US. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/millions-of-kids-are-missing-weeks-of-school-as-attendance-tanks-across-the-us/ar-AA1f97oq.
• (3) Richland School District 2 tries to combat 'chronic absenteeism'. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/richland-school-district-2-tries-to-combat-chronic-absenteeism/ar-AA1f6iWq.
• (4) School Attendance, Truancy & Chronic Absenteeism: What Parents Need to .... https://healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/gradeschool/school/Pages/School-Attendance-Truancy-Chronic-Absenteeism.aspx.
• (5) Millions of kids are missing weeks of school as attendance tanks across .... https://apnews.com/article/back-to-school-attendance-pandemic-chronic-absenteeism-90c05e3013b72802439565250d1adc33.
• (6) School Absenteeism in Children and Adolescents | AAFP. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1215/p738.html.
• (7) Chronic Absenteeism | Effects of Being Chronically Absent - Understood. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/chronic-absenteeism-what-you-need-to-know.
• (8) Why Is School Attendance Important? | American University. https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/importance-of-school-attendance/.
• (9) Students’ attendance affects their progress in school, and poor .... https://www.attendanceworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Chronic-Absenteeism-and-School-Health-Brief-1.pdf.
• (10) The Link Between School Attendance and Good Health. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/143/2/e20183648/37326/The-Link-Between-School-Attendance-and-Good-Health.
• (11) Chronic absenteeism: An old problem in search of new answers. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/chronic-absenteeism-an-old-problem-in-search-of-new-answers/.
• (12) 3 Tiers of Intervention - Attendance Works. https://www.attendanceworks.org/chronic-absence/addressing-chronic-absence/3-tiers-of-intervention/.
• (13) Strategies For School Sites - Attendance Works. https://www.attendanceworks.org/chronic-absence/addressing-chronic-absence/strategies-for-school-sites/.
• (14) 6 Strategies to Combat Chronic Absenteeism and Improve School Attendance. https://www.parentsquare.com/blog/chronic-absenteeism/.
• (15) Here's How You Can Prevent Chronic Absenteeism and Promote School .... https://www.waterford.org/education/school-attendance/.
• (16) PUBLIC SCHOOLS Chronic Absenteeism - ed. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED595241.pdf.
• (17) Frontiers | School attendance and school absenteeism: A primer for the .... https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2022.1044608/full.
• (18) ATTENDANCE PLAYBOOK - FutureEd. https://www.future-ed.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Attendance-Playbook.pdf.
• (19) undefined. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.1044608.

HELP WANTED: IF YOU BREATH YOU CAN TEACH!

HELP WANTED: IF YOU BREATH YOU CAN TEACH!

Attention all job seekers! Are you tired of the same old boring career paths? Do you want to try something new and exciting? Well, have we got the job for you! Introducing the wonderful world of teaching!

Yes, that's right folks, teaching! The profession that has been bashed and belittled by billionaires and privatizers for the past 30 years. But don't let that discourage you, because if you can breathe, you can teach!

According to a new report from the Learning Policy Institute, school districts across the United States are in desperate need of teachers. And when we say desperate, we mean they're hiring anyone with a pulse. The report found that the share of teachers with three or fewer years of experience has increased from 18% to 24% in the past decade. And if that's not enough to make you want to jump on board, the share of teachers with emergency permits has also increased from 4% to 7%. So basically, if you have a heartbeat and can spell your name correctly, you're hired!

But why is there such a shortage of teachers, you ask? Well, it's simple really. Low pay, high stress levels, and a lack of support for teachers are just a few of the contributing factors. And let's not forget about the pandemic, which has caused many teachers to leave the profession due to burnout or health concerns. But hey, who needs experienced and qualified teachers when you can have someone who just graduated high school teaching your kid algebra?

Now, we know what you're thinking. "But won't these inexperienced teachers be less effective in the classroom?" Well, yes. But who needs effectiveness when you can have someone who's just happy to have a job? And sure, these teachers may leave the profession within a few years, but that just means more job openings for the next round of inexperienced teachers!

But fear not, because there are solutions to this teacher shortage. We could increase teacher pay, reduce teacher workload, provide more support for teachers, and make teaching a more attractive career. Or we could just keep hiring anyone who walks through the door. It's really up to you.

And if you're still not convinced that teaching is the career for you, just think about all the wonderful benefits. You get to spend your days with kids who may or may not listen to you, deal with parents who may or may not blame you for their child's lack of success, and work for a system that may or may not value your hard work and dedication. What's not to love?

So come on down and join the wonderful world of teaching! Because if you can breathe, you can teach. And who needs experience anyway?

The State of the Teacher Workforce | Learning Policy Institute https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/state-of-teacher-workforce-interactive 

Pennsylvania school districts are hiring teachers with limited experience amid shortage, new report finds | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette https://www.post-gazette.com/news/education/2023/08/09/pennsylvania-teacher-shortage-limited-experience-new-report/stories/202308080120 

THE DEFT DIVE

FROM BARD AI

A new report from the Learning Policy Institute found that school districts across the United States are increasingly hiring teachers with limited experience amid a nationwide teacher shortage. The report found that the share of teachers with three or fewer years of experience increased from 18% in the 2011-12 school year to 24% in the 2020-21 school year. The report also found that the share of teachers with emergency permits, which are temporary teaching licenses, increased from 4% to 7% during the same period.

The teacher shortage is a complex problem with many contributing factors, including low pay, high stress levels, and a lack of support for teachers. The pandemic has also exacerbated the shortage, as many teachers have left the profession due to burnout or health concerns.

The hiring of teachers with limited experience is a concern because these teachers are less likely to be effective in the classroom. They are also more likely to leave the profession within a few years, which can lead to further instability in the teaching workforce.

There are a number of things that can be done to address the teacher shortage, including:

• * Increasing teacher pay
• * Reducing teacher workload
• * Providing more support for teachers
• * Making teaching a more attractive career

The hiring of teachers with limited experience is a symptom of the teacher shortage. It is important to address the root causes of the shortage in order to ensure that all students have access to a quality education.

In addition to the above, here are some specific things that can be done to address the teacher shortage:

• * **Increase the number of teacher preparation programs:** There is a shortage of teachers in part because there are not enough teacher preparation programs. States and school districts should work to increase the number of teacher preparation programs in order to produce more teachers.
• * **Make it easier for people to become teachers:** The process of becoming a teacher can be long and expensive. States and school districts should make it easier for people to become teachers by providing financial assistance and by streamlining the application process.
• * **Attract more people to the teaching profession:** The teaching profession needs to be more attractive to people from all backgrounds. States and school districts should work to make teaching a more attractive career by providing competitive pay and benefits, and by creating a positive work environment for teachers.

By taking these steps, we can address the teacher shortage and ensure that all students have access to a quality education.

The State of the Teacher Workforce: A State-by-State Analysis of the Factors Influencing Teacher Shortages, Supply, Demand, and Equity is a report by the Learning Policy Institute that provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the teacher workforce in the United States. The report examines a wide range of factors that influence teacher shortages, including teacher pay, working conditions, school resources, teacher turnover, and teacher qualifications.

The report found that there are significant disparities in the teacher workforce across states. Some states, such as Massachusetts and New Jersey, have relatively strong teacher workforces, with high levels of teacher pay, strong working conditions, and low rates of teacher turnover. Other states, such as Oklahoma and South Carolina, have relatively weak teacher workforces, with low levels of teacher pay, poor working conditions, and high rates of teacher turnover.

The report also found that there are significant disparities in the teacher workforce within states. In some schools, teachers are well-paid and have strong working conditions. In other schools, teachers are underpaid and have poor working conditions. These disparities can have a significant impact on the quality of education that students receive.

The report concludes by calling for a number of policy changes to address the teacher shortage. These policy changes include:

• * Increasing teacher pay
• * Reducing teacher workload
• * Providing more support for teachers
• * Making teaching a more attractive career

The report also calls for states to collect more data on the teacher workforce in order to better understand the factors that influence teacher shortages and to develop effective policies to address them.

Here are some of the key findings of the report:

• * The teacher shortage is a growing problem in the United States.
• * The shortage is most severe in high-poverty schools and schools with large populations of students of color.
• * The shortage is due to a number of factors, including low pay, high stress levels, and a lack of support for teachers.
• * The shortage is having a negative impact on student learning.
• * There are a number of policy changes that can be made to address the teacher shortage.

The report is a valuable resource for policymakers, educators, and anyone who is interested in the state of the teacher workforce in the United States. It provides a comprehensive overview of the problem and a number of policy recommendations that can be used to address it.

FROM BING AI

The topic of teacher shortages and the impact of hiring teachers with limited experience. This is a complex and multifaceted issue that affects many schools and students across the country. Here are some key points from the web search results that I found:

• - According to a report by Ed Fuller, an associate professor in the Department of Education Policy Studies at Penn State’s College of Education, Pennsylvania school districts are hiring teachers with limited experience, those who are not fully certified, and others with temporary teaching permits to help ensure there are adults in the classroom throughout the school year¹².
• - The report found that 19% of high schools, 12% of middle schools, and 6% of elementary schools across the state hired out-of-field teachers, or those who are instructing a subject or grade they were not fully certified for, in the 2020-21 school year¹².
• - The report also found that students of color and students from low-income backgrounds were more likely to attend schools with higher rates of underqualified teachers, which could limit their opportunities and outcomes¹².
• - The teacher shortage in Pennsylvania is part of a larger national trend that has been worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused many teachers to retire early, quit, or take leave due to health and safety concerns, burnout, stress, and attacks on honest teaching of history³⁴⁵.
• - The teacher shortage has negative effects on students, teachers, and the public education system as a whole. It can harm students' academic achievement, social-emotional development, and access to rigorous and relevant curriculum. It can also reduce teachers' effectiveness, satisfaction, and retention. Moreover, it can undermine the quality, equity, and stability of the education system⁴⁵⁶.
• - To address the teacher shortage, experts and advocates recommend a range of short-term and long-term solutions that focus on both recruitment and retention of qualified and diverse teachers. Some of these solutions include: increasing teacher pay and school funding; improving working conditions and professional support; providing targeted incentives and scholarships for teaching in high-need areas; expanding teacher preparation programs and pathways; strengthening mentoring and induction programs; enhancing teacher diversity and cultural competence; and engaging educators in decision-making and policy-making⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸.

Bing, 8/10/2023

(1) Pennsylvania school districts are hiring teachers with limited .... https://districtadministration.com/pennsylvania-school-districts-are-hiring-teachers-with-limited-experience-amid-shortage-new-report-finds/.

(2) Pennsylvania school districts are hiring teachers with limited .... https://www.post-gazette.com/news/education/2023/08/09/pennsylvania-teacher-shortage-limited-experience-new-report/stories/202308080120.

(3) Colorado school districts are hiring teachers to start work before they .... https://coloradosun.com/2022/04/07/colorado-education-schools-teacher-shortages-teacher-preparation-programs/.

(4) The teacher shortage is real and has serious consequences. https://www.epi.org/publication/the-teacher-shortage-is-real-large-and-growing-and-worse-than-we-thought-the-first-report-in-the-perfect-storm-in-the-teacher-labor-market-series/.

(5) What's behind the teacher shortage in US schools? - Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-teacher-shortage-schools.html.

(6) Causes And Effects Of Teacher Shortage - 865 Words | Bartleby. https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Causes-And-Effects-Of-Teacher-Shortage-PJWXLMK54WR.

(7) A Look at Solutions to Teacher Shortages | UWA Online. https://online.uwa.edu/news/teacher-shortages/.

(8) The Teacher Shortage Is Real and about to Get Much Worse. Here's Why. https://fee.org/articles/the-teacher-shortage-is-real-and-about-to-get-much-worse-heres-why/.

(9) Addressing Teacher Shortages in the Short- & Long-Term. https://edtrust.org/resource/addressing-teacher-shortages-in-the-short-long-term/.

(10) Solving Educator Shortages by Making Public Education an ... - NEA. https://www.nea.org/resource-library/solving-educator-shortages-making-public-education-attractive-and-competitive-career-path.

(11) How to Solve the Teacher Shortage (3 Possible Solutions). https://mrstockford.com/how-to-solve-the-teacher-shortage/.

(12) Tackling Teacher Shortages: What Can States and Districts Do?. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/blog/teacher-shortage-what-can-states-and-districts-do.

The topic of the state of the teacher workforce in the United States. This is an important and timely issue that affects the quality and equity of education for millions of students. Here are some key points from the web search results that I found:

• - The Learning Policy Institute (LPI) is a nonprofit organization that conducts and communicates independent, high-quality research to improve education policy and practice¹²³. One of their main areas of focus is the teacher workforce, which they examine through various indicators of teacher supply, demand, shortages, and equity across states².
• - The LPI has created an interactive state-by-state map that highlights key factors that reflect and influence the supply and demand for teachers in each state, including conditions of teachers’ work and equitable access to qualified teachers². The map includes more than 40 indicators describing teaching conditions for the more than 3 million public school teachers in the United States. They can be used to inform policy strategies addressing shortages and ensuring equitable access to qualified and diverse teachers².
• - The map also assigns each state two ratings: a teaching attractiveness rating and a teacher equity rating. The teaching attractiveness rating builds on measures of teacher compensation, working conditions, school resources, qualifications, and teacher turnover to indicate how supportive each state appears to be of teacher recruitment and retention. The teacher equity rating indicates the extent to which students have equitable access to a well-qualified teaching workforce within a given state based on school composition of student race/ethnicity and family income².
• - Based on these ratings, the map shows that teaching conditions vary substantially across states, as do teacher supply and turnover. Generally speaking, teaching conditions in northeastern states—like Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey—rank in the top tier. In these states, salaries are more competitive and working conditions are more supportive, based on teachers’ views of their schools¹. On the other hand, teaching conditions in southern and western states—like Mississippi, Alabama, Arizona, Nevada, and Hawaii—rank in the bottom tier. In these states, salaries are less competitive and working conditions are less supportive¹.
• - The map also shows that students of color and students from low-income backgrounds are more likely to attend schools with higher rates of underqualified teachers, which could limit their opportunities and outcomes. For example, in California, 62% of students in high-poverty schools are taught by uncertified or out-of-field teachers, compared to 25% of students in low-poverty schools². Similarly, in Texas, 47% of students in high-minority schools are taught by uncertified or out-of-field teachers, compared to 18% of students in low-minority schools².
• - The LPI also provides a technical supplement that summarizes additional factors influencing teacher supply and demand, such as information about the teacher pipeline, current teacher workforce, student enrollment, and teacher financial strain. The supplement also includes state-reported data on teaching positions left vacant or filled by teachers without full certification—key indicators of the extent of shortages².
• - The LPI's research on the state of the teacher workforce is based on a larger national study that they conducted in 2016, titled A Coming Crisis in Teaching? Teacher Supply, Demand, and Shortages in the U.S.³. This study examined the causes and consequences of the emerging teacher shortage at the national level and projected future trends based on various scenarios. The study found that four main factors were driving the shortage: a decline in teacher preparation enrollments, district efforts to return to pre-recession pupil-teacher ratios, increasing student enrollment, and high teacher attrition³.
• - The study also found that the shortage was not evenly distributed across subjects or regions. Some subjects—such as mathematics, science, special education, English language development, and foreign languages—had chronic shortages for decades. Some regions—such as urban and rural areas—also faced greater challenges in attracting and retaining qualified teachers. Moreover, the study found that the shortage was likely to grow worse over time unless policy actions were taken to address it³.

 Bing, 8/10/2023

(1) Tracking the State of the Teacher Workforce Across States. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/blog/tracking-state-teacher-workforce-across-states.

(2) The State of the Teacher Workforce | Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/state-of-teacher-workforce-interactive.

(3) A Coming Crisis in Teaching? Teacher Supply, Demand, and Shortages in .... https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/coming-crisis-teaching.