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Monday, March 13, 2017

Special LATE Nite Cap: Catch Up on Today's Post 3/13/17


Special Nite Cap: Catch Up on Today's Post 3/13/17
Featured Post

NYC Public School Parents: Why dumping the ESSA regs is not a big deal; and what is





Will Randi Weingerten Thwart Trump’s Plan? - Fast Forward – Forward.com
Will Randi Weingerten Thwart Trump’s Plan? - Fast Forward – Forward.com : Will Teacher’s Union Head Randi Weingerten Thwart Trump’s Infrastructure Plan? Teachers union leader Randi Weingarten is shaping up to be one of President Trump’s toughest opponents, especially when it comes to implementing his ambitious $1 trillion infrastructure plan. Axios reports that Weingerten’s clout goes way beyond
Name Calling in the Time of Trump - Living in Dialogue
Name Calling in the Time of Trump - Living in Dialogue : Name Calling in the Time of Trump By Michelle Strater Gunderson. Last week a group of my first grade girls was taking an unusually long time in the bathroom. When you teach little ones you get a sixth sense for when something is going on. I knocked on the door and said, “Dear ones, whatever can be keeping you?” The ring leader answered me w
CURMUDGUCATION: MI: A Blueprint for Education?
CURMUDGUCATION: MI: A Blueprint for Education? : MI: A Blueprint for Education? First announced in Governor Rick Snyder's January 2016 State of the State address, the 21st Century Commission has been working diligently at an educational blueprint for Michigan. The final report on charting the edu-journey for Betsy Devos's home state, and it is a hefty 146 pages. I've read it so that you don't hav
Navigating the Scylla and Charybdis of Research in Education | radical eyes for equity
Navigating the Scylla and Charybdis of Research in Education | radical eyes for equity : Navigating the Scylla and Charybdis of Research in Education “ Teaching children according to their individual ‘learning style’ does not achieve better results,” reports Sally Weale , “and should be ditched by schools in favour of evidence-based practice, according to leading scientists.” Narrowly about learn
SKrashen: WEBINAR, Tuesday evening, March 14 - S. Krashen Has Some Priorities For Betsy Devos
SKrashen: WEBINAR, Tuesday evening, March 14 - S. Krashen : SKrashen: WEBINAR, Tuesday evening, March 14 S. Krashen Has Some Priorities For Betsy Devos WEBINAR: Stephen Krashen Tuesday evening Tuesday, March 14th from 7-8pm MST Link to zoom conference call: https://zoom.us/j/161756919 Join Uniting4Kids for our next video conversation featuring educational researcher, linguist and political activi
Upcoming Debate: Charters and Vouchers are the Answer – Cloaking Inequity
Upcoming Debate: Charters and Vouchers are the Answer – Cloaking Inequity : Upcoming Debate: Charters and Vouchers are the Answer Join us in person or online for Dr. Julian Vasquez Heilig vs. Chris Stewart debating the motion Charters and Vouchers are the Answer. Watch in person at Sacramento State or you can view on Facebook LIVE here . Chris Stewart is Director of Outreach and External Affairs
Expanded View of the ELA/ELD Framework Resources - Curriculum Frameworks (CA Dept of Education)
Expanded View of the ELA/ELD Framework Resources - Curriculum Frameworks (CA Dept of Education) : Expanded View of the ELA/ELD Framework Resources A Collection of Resources That Support the Implementation of the English Language Arts/English Language Development Framework. The California Department of Education (CDE) continues to develop and collect resources critical to implementing the Californ
DeVos tells big-city school superintendents she believes in ‘great public schools’ — but some remain skeptical - The Washington Post
DeVos tells big-city school superintendents she believes in ‘great public schools’ — but some remain skeptical - The Washington Post : DeVos tells big-city school superintendents she believes in ‘great public schools’ — but some remain skeptical Education Secretary Betsy DeVos told urban school superintendents on Monday that her agency intends to support their work and that “great public schools”
Seattle Schools Community Forum: Badmouthing Public Schools When You Have no other Argument
Seattle Schools Community Forum: Badmouthing Public Schools When You Have no other Argument : Badmouthing Public Schools When You Have no other Argument Washington Policy Center Doesn't Fool Anyone Remember when I put up this meme on Education Savings accounts that compared it to parents asking for park savings accounts? I thought it was pretty clever. Well, the folks over at the Washington Polic
A Florida court decision about third-graders and testing falls ‘on the side of stupid’ - The Washington Post
A Florida court decision about third-graders and testing falls ‘on the side of stupid’ - The Washington Post : A Florida court decision about third-graders and testing falls ‘on the side of stupid’ A picture of the scene in a Florida court Aug. 12, where a judge heard a lawsuit by parents against state education officials. This was drawn by Peyton Mears, an 11-year-old who was at the hearing to s
Critics of Trump’s trans bathroom policy point to bullying and suicide – VICE News
Critics of Trump’s trans bathroom policy point to bullying and suicide – VICE News : “Children, not ideology” Critics of Trump's trans bathroom policy point to bullying, violence, and suicide Lawmakers and educators from both sides of the aisle have come out strongly against the Trump administration’s decision to revoke the Obama-era policy protecting transgender students under Title IX by allowi
'Fund education first' deadline touted, questioned - NonDoc
'Fund education first' deadline touted, questioned - NonDoc : ‘Fund education first’ deadline touted, questioned Beware of AstroTurf Ed Reformers Astroturf lobbying refers to political organizations or campaigns that appear to be made up of grassroots activists but are actually organized and run by corporate interests seeking to further their own agendas. Such groups are often typified by innocen
New Texas Lawsuit: VAM-Based Estimates as Indicators of Teachers’ “Observable” Behaviors | VAMboozled!
New Texas Lawsuit: VAM-Based Estimates as Indicators of Teachers’ “Observable” Behaviors | VAMboozled! : New Texas Lawsuit: VAM-Based Estimates as Indicators of Teachers’ “Observable” Behaviors Last week I spent a few days in Austin, one day during which I provided expert testimony for a new state-level lawsuit that has the potential to impact teachers throughout Texas. The lawsuit — Texas State
Start the Week with Diane Ravitch's blog | A site to discuss better education for all
Diane Ravitch's blog | A site to discuss better education for all : Start the Week with Diane New Jersey Parent: Why Is the State Requiring Third Grade Students to Take the PARCC Test on a Computer? 5 by dianeravitch / 32min I have earlier reported studies showing that students post higher scores when they take tests with pencil and paper, rather than on computers. Some children do not have keybo
John Kasich's unreal world of education | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
Len Boselovic’s Heard off the Street: John Kasich's unreal world of education | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette : John Kasich's unreal world of education By Len Boselovic / Pittsburgh Post-Gazette A lot of people have eagerly embraced the notion that if only government, or schools, or whatever else ails us were run more like a business, things would be a whole lot better. Ohio Gov. John Kasich, the McKee
OPINION: Protecting our public schools in Wake County | Columns | technicianonline.com
OPINION: Protecting our public schools in Wake County | Columns | technicianonline.com : OPINION: Protecting our public schools in Wake County If you’ve been following politics recently, I’m sure the controversy surrounding our new U.S. secretary of education, Betsy DeVos, isn’t at all new. As I’ve thought about DeVos’ record as a Michigan lobbyist for charter schools and our own public school is
Parent Summit 2017 | Parents United for Public Education
Parent Summit 2017 | Parents United for Public Education : Parent Summit 2017 Saturday, April 29, 2017 – 9a – 3pm Saint Joseph’s University 5600 City Ave, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131 Parents from around the city are joining together for our 2nd Annual Parent Summit, a day of UNITY and Education. This summit is designed to empower family leadership in schools, unite families around the city a
Shared Anxieties Of Parenting And Screen Time And Screen Time : NPR Ed : NPR
Shared Anxieties Of Parenting And Screen Time And Screen Time : NPR Ed : NPR : Parent Anxiety, Screen Time And Learning In The Digital Age "If I can get them out the door with pants on, I feel like we've won the day." A lot of parents can probably relate to those words from a stressed out dad, who's trying to deal with big issues of parenting amid the normal chaos of just getting them to school.
Mike Klonsky's SmallTalk Blog: WEEKEND QUOTABLES
Mike Klonsky's SmallTalk Blog: WEEKEND QUOTABLES : WEEKEND QUOTABLES Aspire Early College Prep English teacher Eleshia Smith leads a chant during a rally outside of Aspira Business and Finance High School Aspira charter teacher Marines Martinez “Aspira just finally agreed to our terms. It’s just a tentative agreement, but we did note that Aspira is finally listening to us." -- Tribune Valerie Str
The History of the Office for Civil Rights' Power - The Atlantic
The History of the Office for Civil Rights' Power - The Atlantic : The Office for Civil Rights's Volatile Power The influence of the office has waxed and waned with each administration. How will it fare under Betsy DeVos? Here is a question nobody asked Betsy DeVos at her confirmation hearing to become the eleventh secretary of education: Is the U.S. Department of Education a civil-rights agency?
For-Profit Schools: Trump Delays Enforcing New Rules, Lifting Shares - WSJ
For-Profit Schools: Trump Delays Enforcing New Rules, Lifting Shares - WSJ : For-Profit Schools: Trump Delays Enforcing New Rules, Lifting Shares Education Department delays ‘gainful employment’ rule to resolve industry concerns It isn’t exactly 2006 again, but for-profit colleges are riding high on Wall Street. Stocks in the industry, some left for dead five months ago, have climbed rapidly sinc
Student Biographical Data: is your school giving test vendors this “extra” information about your child? – Missouri Education Watchdog
Student Biographical Data: is your school giving test vendors this “extra” information about your child? – Missouri Education Watchdog : Student Biographical Data: is your school giving test vendors this “extra” information about your child? It is end of year, high-stakes testing season again. PARCC, SBAC, SAGE, FCAT, CMAS*, AIR, Questar, Pearson. These words trigger anger for parents, many opt t
JOSE GASPAR: A parental talk like no other | Columnists | bakersfield.com
JOSE GASPAR: A parental talk like no other | Columnists | bakersfield.com : JOSE GASPAR: A parental talk like no other Parents can shield their children from only so much before they catch on that something is amiss. Sooner or later parents must have a talk with their children about an issue that is usually kept quiet. For a countless number of Kern County families, parents who are in the country
Still Separate/Still Unequal: 62 Years After Brown vs. Board, U.S. Schools Are Resegregating Coalition for Public Education/Coalición por la Educación Pública:
Coalition for Public Education/Coalición por la Educación Pública: Still Separate/Still Unequal: 62 Years After Brown vs. Board, U.S. Schools Are Resegregating : Still Separate/Still Unequal: 62 Years After Brown vs. Board, U.S. Schools Are Resegregating Why GAO Did This Study Recent literature shows that poor and minority students may not have full access t o educational opportunities . GAO was
Education Law Prof Blog
Education Law Prof Blog : Is the Historic Role of the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights in Jeopardy or Simply Undergoing an Expected Shift? James Murphy's new article in the Atlantic offers a excellent and compelling overview of the Office for Civil Rights. He details the various people who have headed the Office over the last fifty years and the major policies they have pursued.
Congress Has Just Done Away with ESSA Accountability Rules: This Is Not a Tragedy | janresseger
Congress Has Just Done Away with ESSA Accountability Rules: This Is Not a Tragedy | janresseger : Congress Has Just Done Away with ESSA Accountability Rules: This Is Not a Tragedy In 2001, Congress passed No Child Left Behind (NCLB), a new reauthorization of the 1965 federal education law. NCLB imposed test-based accountability on all of America’s public schools. Because NCLB and its punitive, te
Mike Klonsky's SmallTalk Blog: Not buying this NYT piece about how Rahm's principals fixed Chicago schools
Mike Klonsky's SmallTalk Blog: Not buying this NYT piece about how Rahm's principals fixed Chicago schools : Not buying this NYT piece about how Rahm's principals fixed Chicago schools The principals that are making gains are making them, not because of the system, but in spite of CPS . -- Principals Assoc. Pres. Troy LaRavier I'm not sure who in Rahm Emanuel' s oversized City Hall PR Dept. plant
Seattle Schools Community Forum: Who Are These Groups?
Seattle Schools Community Forum: Who Are These Groups? : Who Are These Groups? In my effort to keep up with who's who in ed reform in Washington State, here's a list of some groups you may run into. Campaign for Student Success (a coalition group) We are a diverse group of education advocates, parents, community leaders and fighters for equity. This group runs the gamet from Asian Pacific Islande
Michael Flynn, Karma, And Ohio Charter School Connects
Michael Flynn, Karma, And Ohio Charter School Connects : Michael Flynn, Karma, And Ohio Charter School Connects What is it about karma that eventually winds up biting you in the arse? Michael Flynn should certainly know something about that subject. The guy who exhorted stalwarts in Cleveland at the Republican National Convention in July to Lock Her Up! could himself be vulnerable to being locked
Sometimes Florida Voucher School Gain Scores Are, Uh, Negative… | deutsch29
Sometimes Florida Voucher School Gain Scores Are, Uh, Negative… | deutsch29 : Sometimes Florida Voucher School Gain Scores Are, Uh, Negative… One of the individuals present at Donald Trump’s address of Congress on Tuesday, February 28, 2017, was Denisha Merriweather, a graduate student who years earlier received a Florida Tax Credit Scholarship (i.e., voucher) that was delivered by the nonprofit
CURMUDGUCATION: FL: Court Rules in Favor of Stupid
CURMUDGUCATION: FL: Court Rules in Favor of Stupid : FL: Court Rules in Favor of Stupid Florida, land of more stupid education rules than you can shake a dead alligator at, embarked on a new level of stupid last year when it fought to keep some third graders from moving on to fourth grade. As you may recall, Florida is one of the states with a third grader retention law, declaring that third grad
WILL THE DENVER PLAN BECOME THE NASHVILLE PLAN « Dad Gone Wild
WILL THE DENVER PLAN BECOME THE NASHVILLE PLAN « Dad Gone Wild : WILL THE DENVER PLAN BECOME THE NASHVILLE PLAN Last week, Metro Nashville Public Schools (MNPS) Director of Schools Dr. Shawn Joseph announced that the district was preparing to undergo a realignment that would change how the central office supervises the district. According to Joseph, the move will create four zones, each with its
NYC Public School Parents: Why dumping the ESSA regs is not a big deal; and what is
NYC Public School Parents: Why dumping the ESSA regs is not a big deal; and what is : Why dumping the ESSA regs is not a big deal; and what is There has been an unnecessary amount of angst and ink spilled on the blogs and elsewhere over the fact that Congress has voted on eliminating the ESSA regulations on accountability. It bears repeating that the law itself -- the Every Student Succeeds Act -

YESTERDAY

Special Nite Cap: Catch Up on Today's Post 3/12/17
Special Nite Cap: Catch Up on Today's Post 3/12/17 Featured Post Patti The Parent Teacher Conference Helper Doll.. - YouTube Seattle Schools Community Forum: Ethnic Studies in Seattle Schools by mike simpson / 11min Seattle 

Top Posts This Week



Will Randi Weingerten Thwart Trump’s Plan? - Fast Forward – Forward.com

Will Randi Weingerten Thwart Trump’s Plan? - Fast Forward – Forward.com:

Will Teacher’s Union Head Randi Weingerten Thwart Trump’s Infrastructure Plan?


Teachers union leader Randi Weingarten is shaping up to be one of President Trump’s toughest opponents, especially when it comes to implementing his ambitious $1 trillion infrastructure plan.
Axios reports that Weingerten’s clout goes way beyond the 1.6 million member American Federation of Teachers which she heads. According to the report, the Jewish Democratic union leader may hold the key to allowing Trump to go ahead with his plan, which requires reaching deals with national organized labor groups.
Weingerten may have no direct influence on infrastructure workers, but she’s close to the Building Traders union and is a major stakeholder at the AFL-CIO, meaning it will be hard to pull off a deal without her consent.
Furthermore, the infrastructure plan is expected to rely on private equity, making the teacher’s pension funds valuable for financing the program, which will also give Weingerten and the AFT a say in the process.
Will Weingerten play along with the administration’s plans?
So far she has been highly critical of Trump’s Education Secretary Betsy DeVos and has positioned herself as the president’s major union rival. So collaboration over infrastructure does not seem to be in the cards.
Contact Nathan Guttman at guttman@forward.com or on Twitter @nathanguttman

Name Calling in the Time of Trump - Living in Dialogue

Name Calling in the Time of Trump - Living in Dialogue:

Name Calling in the Time of Trump 


By Michelle Strater Gunderson.
Last week a group of my first grade girls was taking an unusually long time in the bathroom. When you teach little ones you get a sixth sense for when something is going on. I knocked on the door and said, “Dear ones, whatever can be keeping you?” The ring leader answered me with her cute front toothless diction, “We are talking about Trump because we know you won’t let us in the classroom. We can’t stand him.”
Now, before you jump straight to the comments section and make ungodly statements about my ban on political speech and intolerance of differences, you need to hear me out.
I teach in a Chicago Public School in a neighborhood that is traditionally LGBTQ. Many of our students have two moms or two dads, and it is fair to say that most of our families are politically liberal with many who consider themselves progressive. Yet, in this context, there are families who still support Trump.
During the month before the election, one of my students made it very clear that his family supported Donald Trump, and he talked about it often. The children started teasing him on the playground. In fact, the taunting game became “nanny nanny boo boo, you vote for Trump” as children tag one another (much like the game of cooties you might remember from childhood).
After recess that day girl came running into the classroom crying uncontrollably. “Why would they say I like Trump? I am a good person. I don’t say bad things.”
We held a class meeting to try to work this out, but the crying kept up, and the hurt feelings were incredibly deep. Now, I ask you, reader, how have these conversations been going for you about Donald Trump with the adults in your lives? How many relatives or friends have you lost on Facebook? Put yourself in the children’s shoes. Can you imagine how confusing and how hard it is to navigate this space for first graders?
Usually during class meetings we make a group decision about how we are going to proceed in working with one another, but there just seemed to be no end to it. I finally said, “These are arguments that adults are having, and it is very hard right now for us to understand one another.” I decided that we would not talk about the election in our classroom any more. I needed to protect the children whose families supported Trump and stop the harmful teasing before it went any further.
This is my thirtieth year of teaching, and I have always taught about the elections and current events no matter what grade I teach. But this was more than we could approach in our class. Many of our families consider Trump’s presidency as an existential threat and the anxiety and pressure has filtered down to the children. And when children feel anxiety and pressure, they misbehave.
The other day, an eruption happened during lunch in the cafeteria. One of my students decided to go around the room calling the others “losers.” You are probably saying to yourself that first graders have been calling Name Calling in the Time of Trump - Living in Dialogue:


CURMUDGUCATION: MI: A Blueprint for Education?

CURMUDGUCATION: MI: A Blueprint for Education?:

MI: A Blueprint for Education? 


First announced in Governor Rick Snyder's January 2016 State of the State address, the 21st Century Commission has been working diligently at an educational blueprint for Michigan. The final report on charting the edu-journey for Betsy Devos's home state, and it is a hefty 146 pages. I've read it so that you don't have to. Buckle up, boys and girls.

Who Created This Thing?


The commission was headed up by Dr. Thomas Haas, President of Grand Valley University. Members included some folks from industry and business, some school superintendents (including the Grand Rapids super), some charter school folks, some state board of education members, representatives from AFT Michigan and the Michigan Education Association, and some assorted bureaucrats. Oh, and one lone classroom teacher (Matt Oney from Escanaba Area Public Schools).
Part of the process was, apparently, a listening tour. The breakdown of that is not encouraging; the thank you section mentions thirteen hosts from Northern Michigan, six hosts from the Upper Peninsula, eleven hosts from West Michigan, and from Southeast Michigan, a single stop on the "tour"-- a virtual visit to Voyageur Academy, a charter school in Detroit. (That visit was virtual, says the notes, "due to weather, so I guess Detroit has been socked in for the last year).

Introduction and Call To Action

The introduction hits several familiar notes. The economy has changed (and now it's hard to get work). Education improves opportunity (education and employment correlate, ad we'll lazily accept causation there). Education is a public good (Michigan would probably work better with educated 
CURMUDGUCATION: MI: A Blueprint for Education?:



Navigating the Scylla and Charybdis of Research in Education | radical eyes for equity

Navigating the Scylla and Charybdis of Research in Education | radical eyes for equity:

Navigating the Scylla and Charybdis of Research in Education

Image result for Research in Education


Teaching children according to their individual ‘learning style’ does not achieve better results,” reports Sally Weale, “and should be ditched by schools in favour of evidence-based practice, according to leading scientists.”
Narrowly about learning styles, but more broadly about the decade’s long tension over what research counts, this argument plays out incessantly in education. Notably in the U.S., calls for scientific teaching, research-based practices, and evidence-based policy have their roots in John Dewey’s progressivism, and then have been intensified throughout the accountability era begun in the 1980s and codified in No Child Left Behind (NCLB) in 2001.
For about a century, education has simultaneously claimed to be driven by science and research while also being criticized for failing to use our research base and being trapped in fads.
This debunking of learning styles, then, is old hat; consider Lou LaBrant lamenting in 1947: “A brief consideration will indicate reasons for the considerable gap between the research currently available and the utilization of that research in school programs and methods.”
And the problem rests with the Scylla and Charybdis of research: on one side, educators must resist the tyranny of a narrow definition of what counts as evidence (the so-called hard view grounded in experimental and quasi-experimental studies), and on the other, educators must resist the trendy and often reductive (lazy) extrapolations of research (within which we may place learning styles).
Let me offer here two powerful examples that I believe address this tension: the poverty materials of Ruby Payne and the “word gap” narrative.
In the wake of federal mandates in NCLB that required public schools to identify and then address the so-called achievement gap, Ruby Payne capitalized on an opportunity to provide schools with manageable workbooks and workshops.
However, after many schools and districts across the U.S. purchased Payne’s materials and seminars, scholars on social class and race began to unmask that Payne was peddling stereotypes, not providing evidence-based claims about children and families in poverty (scholarship debunking Payne as well as the Teachers College Record exchange can be found here).
The Payne phenomenon (one that continues despite her poverty characterizations being thoroughly discredited) reveals several problems with calling for education to be research-based.
First, and possibly most significantly, educational practices are far too influenced by the marketing of materials and the incessant training and re-training of teachers in the field. That market influence and dynamic is made robust since K-12 education is far more bureaucratic than scholarly.
The market influence necessarily creates the need for “new” and manageable, characteristics that often supersede the validity of those materials.
Payne’s success has been built on her self-promotion, not her expertise in Navigating the Scylla and Charybdis of Research in Education | radical eyes for equity:

SKrashen: WEBINAR, Tuesday evening, March 14 - S. Krashen Has Some Priorities For Betsy Devos

SKrashen: WEBINAR, Tuesday evening, March 14 - S. Krashen:

SKrashen: WEBINAR, Tuesday evening, March 14 
S. Krashen Has Some Priorities For Betsy Devos



WEBINAR: Stephen Krashen
Tuesday evening
Tuesday, March 14th from 7-8pm MST
Link to zoom conference call:
https://zoom.us/j/161756919
 
Join Uniting4Kids for our next video conversation featuring educational researcher, linguist and political activist Stephen Krashen, as he suggests priorities for the new Department of Education;  The current focus on poor teaching and low standards has failed to improve education.  Dr. Krashen is nationally recognized leader in education. A professor emeritus at the University of Southern California, he has authored numerous books and dozens of articles including this latest editorial published in the Wall Street Journal:
 
http://skrashen.blogspot.com/2017/01/response-to-whos-afraid-of-betsy-devos.html


Upcoming Debate: Charters and Vouchers are the Answer – Cloaking Inequity

Upcoming Debate: Charters and Vouchers are the Answer – Cloaking Inequity:

Upcoming Debate: Charters and Vouchers are the Answer



Chris Stewart is Director of Outreach and External Affairs for Education Post, a nonprofit publication covering public schools. Additionally, Chris publishes Citizen Ed, a weekly education reader that highlights grassroots voices that often go unheard.
Before that, Chris was Executive Director of the African American Leadership Forum (AALF), a cross-sector network of black leaders working to develop and implement an urban policy agenda in five northwest states. In 2007 Chris was elected to the Minneapolis Public Schools Board of Education where he created the Equity and Achievement Committee, authored a board-level “Covenant with the African American Community,” and advocated safe, orderly, and rigorous schools that prepare students for high-wage, high-growth occupations.
Julian Vasquez Heilig is an award-winning teacher, researcher, and blogger. He is currently a Professor of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies and the Director of the Doctorate in Educational Leadership at California State University Sacramento.
In addition to educational accomplishments, Julian Vasquez Heilig has held a variety of practitioner, research, and leadership positions in organizations from Boston to Beijing. These experiences have provided formative professional perspectives to bridge research, theory, and practice.
His current research includes quantitatively and qualitatively examining how high-stakes testing and accountability-based reforms and market reforms impact urban minority students. Julian’s research interests also include issues of access, diversity, and equity in higher education.