Special Ed Vouchers Won’t End Discrimination | Larry Miller's Blog: Educate All Students!

Special Ed Vouchers Won’t End Discrimination | Larry Miller's Blog: Educate All Students!:

Special Ed Vouchers Won’t End Discrimination

by millerlf

By Karyn Rotker, Courtney Bowie and Monica Murphy

May 8, 2013 MJS

T. was a kindergartner with a medical disorder that caused toilet difficulties. Despite her mother’s pleas, her teacher wouldn’t allow her to use the bathroom as needed – and humiliated her by discussing her problems publicly.
A. was a 9-year-old who sometimes wouldn’t speak. Her teacher left her sitting by herself in a corner of the classroom.
S. was a 4-year-old receiving speech and language services. When his mother met with administrators to enroll him in school, they tried to talk her out of it.
K. was an 8-year-old with attention deficition hyperactivity disorder. A school refused to admit him unless 

Grandparents know vouchers don’t work

Filed under: Vouchers — millerlf @ 12:48 pm 

Wisconsin is marching inexorably down a path toward two separate publicly-funded education systems for our k-12 students. One is our traditional public schools; the other, private voucher schools largely funded by taxpayer dollars.

The school voucher program began in 1990 under Governor Tommy Thompson with a modest investment in Milwaukee. 337 students, all low-income, used vouchers valued at $734,000 ($2,178/voucher) to attend seven private, nonsectarian schools. Since then, the voucher program has grown exponentially. Funding last year equaled $158M and provided vouchers worth $6,442 to 24,000 students who attended private/parochial schools in Racine and Milwaukee.

In the next two years, the program expansion, if approved by the State legislature, will spread to at least nine more school districts, including Madison. 29,000 students will participate. Funding will increase to $209M – an almost 300-fold increase since inception. Public school funding, over that time span, has increased only three-fold.

Vouchers will be available to a family of four with an income of almost $78,000/year. In addition, these students may always have been private school students. Once students secure a voucher, they have that voucher in subsequent years no matter how high the family income. This policy generates a separate system, subsidizing private education at taxpayer expense with no accountability to, nor approval from, that taxpayer.

Are vouchers worth the price? No! Studies show that academic performance among voucher students is no better than that of students in public schools. In a 2011 study, the independent Wisconsin Legislative Audit Bureau determined that 75% of students who entered 

Saw this from Jose Vilson the other day, wanted to comment. – @ THE CHALK FACE knows SCHOOLS MATTER

Saw this from Jose Vilson the other day, wanted to comment. – @ THE CHALK FACE knows SCHOOLS MATTER:

Saw this from Jose Vilson the other day, wanted to comment.

by Chalk Face, PhD

Educator Jose Vilson is a passionate supporter of public education. I think my first encounter with him was watching poetry of his at the Save Our Schools rally in the summer of 2011. He’s also a frequent contributor to GOOD Magazine.

Here’s one of his latest on the superficiality of Teacher Appreciation Week.

I’ve had other online encounters with Mr. Vilson regarding tactics and tone of educational activism in support of public schools. In hindsight, he had some very good points, but having any kind of discussion on Twitter is nearly worthless.

I agree with Mr. Vilson’s points in this article, that to appreciate teachers we should pay them a living wage, provide them the resources they need, and improve their working conditions. He also offers the following:

The charter future of D.C. public schools:

The charter future of D.C. public schools

Posted by Valerie Strauss on May 9, 2013 at 1:18 pm

With one decision about one elementary school, D.C. Schools Chancellor Kaya Henderson is filling in the picture of the future of the District’s long-troubled public school system.

It’s been clear for some time that the public school system in the nation’s capital has been moving toward charter dominance. It doesn’t take a genius to figure it out: There are now about 45,000 students in 117 traditional public school buildings under Henderson’s control, and there are about 35,000 students in 57 public charter schools beyond her control, run by the D.C. Public Charter School Board. Henderson is planning to close 15 schools this year, and more charter schools are being approved every year.

Now, my colleague Emma Brown reported in this story that after years of poor performance, Malcolm X Elementary School in Southeast Washington will be renovated to the tune of $21 million and then reopened under the management of a high-performing charter school, Achievement Prep Public Charter School.

Malcolm X was originally on the closure list, but Henderson decided to go a different way with the school. The result: a ground-breaking partnership that will be somewhere in between a traditional public school and a charter public school.

The idea is that neighborhood kids will attend the school, which is counter to the charter school law which requires that anybody in the city can apply. It will  be the first experiment in having a charter operator work with a neighborhood population of low-income students in the District.

Henderson is doing a number of things with this decision. First, she is admitting that she is out of strategies or magic to improve Malcolm X, so she is turning to a charter school that 

Mapping billionaires and charter schools | Muckety - See the news

Wall Street Loves National Charter Schools Week (Big Profits)

Obama, defying political base, declares National Charter Schools Week | Strange Bedfellows — Politics News - seattlepi.com

Wall Street ♥ charter schools | Muckety - See the news

What the Census Tells Us About the Youth Vote |

What the Census Tells Us About the Youth Vote |:

What the Census Tells Us About the Youth Vote

by Angus Johnston

Yesterday the Census Bureau released a demographic report on the 2012 election that’s chock full of really interesting stuff.
The Bureau’s analysis of racial data has gotten the most attention, and not unreasonably. The report’s dramatic finding that black voter turnout levels rose above white levels for the first time in American history is just the beginning of that story. (I myself was even more intrigued to learn that black turnout rose almost as much between 2008 and 2012 as it did between 2004 and 2008. There’s a huge amount to unpack in just that one statistic.)
Beyond the racial demographics, however, there’s a lot more of interest lurking in the numbers — much of it unmentioned in the formal report and only discoverable in the accompanying tables. Here are some of the nuggets I found most compelling:
Perhaps the most dramatic age-related data had to do with educational attainment. Among all young citizens (defined as those under 25 years old), some 41% said they’d voted. (It’s important to note that this is an undercount, because not everyone was asked this question or answered it. Unlike with the racial date noted above, the Census did not use statistical analysis to correct for non-responses.) Among those without a high

The Incredibly Rapid Decline and Fall of America’s Youth

by Angus Johnston

One magazine. Three covers. Five years apart.

Boy, the young generation sure went to hell in a hurry.

Seattle Schools Community Forum: Common Core Testing: Creating New Consumers

Seattle Schools Community Forum: Common Core Testing: Creating New Consumers:

Common Core Testing: Creating New Consumers

by Melissa Westbrook

From the Washington Post's The Answer Sheet, a guest column by an 8th grader, Isaiah Schrader, in New York (he is a gifted student so the essay reads very well).

Guess what kids?  The new Common Core assessments developed by the mega-uber education group Pearson?  Contains brand-names (complete with trademark logos) in test questions.  

What does Isaiah have to say (bold mine)?

The “busboy” passage in the eighth grade test I took was fictional, written about a dishwasher at a pizza restaurant. In it, the busboy neglects to notice a large puddle of root beer under a table that he clears. His irate employer notifies him about the mess, and he cleans it up. It seems alright at first glace. However, the root beer was referred to at one point as Mug™ Root Beer. It was followed by a footnote, which informed test-takers that Mug™ was a registered trademark of PepsiCo. The brand of soda, the type of soda, and, come to think of it, the exact beverage was not necessary to the development of the story, nor was it mentioned in any of the confusing and analytical questions following the passage.

Non-fictional passages in the test I took included an article about robots, where the brands IBM™, Lego®, 

Update On Our Community & Citywide Education Council Lawsuit Against The NYC Department Of Education | New York City Parents Union

Update On Our Community & Citywide Education Council Lawsuit Against The NYC Department Of Education | New York City Parents Union:

Update On Our Community & Citywide Education Council Lawsuit Against The NYC Department Of Education

by admin

Update On Our Community & Citywide Education Council Lawsuit Against The NYC Department Of Education

Sam Pirozzolo, President of Community Education Council 31, and Arthur Z. Schwartz, Esq., our General Counsel, today faced off in court against the New York City Department of Education (“DOE”), and stood up for the rights of parents to have a fair Community Education Council (“CEC”) election process.

The lawsuit, Pirozzolo vs Department of Education, was filed in New York State Supreme Court on May 1.

The parents charge that the selection of representatives has been reduced from a earlier process which included a popular advisory vote involving the parents of public school children followed by a vote among “parent selectors” largely drawn from the officers of Parent Associations, to the current process that only allows for a vote by the “parent selectors”.

Furthermore, the DOE has purposely undermined parents’ ability to campaign by limiting communication with parent selectors to poorly attended candidate forums.

Judge Shlomo S. Hagler ordered that the following take place:

1.  An injunction be placed on the publication of election results.  The DOE is enjoined from announcing the winners 

CTA's 150th Anniversary - California Teachers Association

CTA's 150th Anniversary - California Teachers Association:

 CTA MARKS A MILESTONE

SES·QUI·CEN·TEN·NI·AL:

adjective1. marking the completion of a period of 150 years. noun 2. a 150th anniversary or its celebration. 

150 YEARS OF ADVOCACY!

This year, CTA marks 150 years of advocacy for our profession, our students and our public schools. And we will be celebrating the entire year. Coincidentally, the California State Teachers Retirement System (CalSTRS) turns 100 this year.

Over the next year, we will explore and celebrate our past via social media, our website, our publications, and our conferences. At the same time we will set the course for our future through a newStrategic Planning Process.  It’s an exciting year, especially just coming from a successful election in which Californians demonstrated their commitment to public education by approving the first statewide tax increase in 20 years.

TIME TO CELEBRATE!

We're celebrating all year and we'll be providing a variety of resources for your use, including:

 posters timeline fliers
 customizable resolution covers for Facebook pages & sample posts logos as well as videos, TV ads & radio spots, an oral history project, a booklet of our legislative victories, a mobile museum and more!

CTA'S MISSION:

The California Teachers Association exists to

 protect & promote the well-being of its members
 to improve the conditions of teaching & learning
 to advance the cause of free, universal & quality public education
 to ensure that the human dignity & civil rights of all children & youth are protected
 to secure a more just, equitable & democratic society

OUR FOUNDER

CTA was founded in 1863 as the California Educational Society by state schools superintendent John Swett with fewer than 100 members, all male. What a difference 150 years makes. With 325,000 members, CTA now is the most inclusive & most powerful voice of educators in the state.

John Swett: “Association in some form is the soul of modern progress… let us organize and work together. Let us make our influence felt in leading public opinion in school affairs.”

THE HISTORY OF CTA

At left: The CTA Headquarters building before it was refurbished due to seismic necessity.
CTA’s long history is full of the sounds of school strikes and teachers chanting on picket lines, the shouts of victory on countless election nights, and the quiet conversations of educators waiting to speak out in crucial legislative hearings held over the decades in Sacramento. Read more.

CTA FINISHED THE JOB!

While CTA always looks to the future, it also has an interest in preserving the past, and did so by restoring the then-100-year-old Columbia School in the historic Gold Rush town. Hundreds of thousands of school children gave their pennies, nickels and dimes to the project, raising $40,000 altogether. When CTA’s board of directors learned that the project was still $30,000 short, it didn’t hesitate and took the action to “Finish the job!” Today, the Old Columbia School, California’s first two-story brick schoolhouse, remains open for all to visit, thanks to CTA’s sponsorship.

MAY'S FEATURE: DAY OF THE TEACHER AND OTHER TEACHER LOVE!

CTA's history of commitment to honoring educators

Starting with Teacher Appreciation Week May 6-10, then Teacher Appreciation Day on May 7, and then the revered Day of the Teacher on May 8, we are all about showing love to our educators during May. Rounding out the month is our celebration of our esteemed Education Support Professionals (ESPs) on May 21!  Please share your favorite teacher and ESP stories on CTA’s Facebook page - we want to hear all about them! Check out the other ways CTA has historically been involved in promoting and supporting various Awareness Holidays.

CTA'S ACCOMPLISHMENTS OVER THE PAST 150 YEARS

Did you know? 

Each month, we'll share facts of our our involvement in the betterment of public education. For example:
 CTA and the Association of Mexican American Educators co-sponsored legislation creating Day of the Teacher in 1982.

HIGHLIGHTS FROM 150 YEARS OF ADVOCACY FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION

1863 – CTA is founded as California Educational Society by Superintendent of Public Instruction John Swett with fewer than 100 members, all male.

1866 – CTA’s first legislative achievement establishes free public schools for all children in California.

1867 – CTA fights for and wins public funding for schools that educate nonwhite students.

1890 – CTA wins state Supreme Court ruling on “fair dismissal” law.

1895 – CTA backs the first class-size reduction law, limiting the number of students in a class to 80.

1911 – CTA leads state funding fight to establish community colleges. At CTA’s urging, free textbooks are printed and distributed at state expense.

1913 – California State Teachers’ Retirement System is created by legislation after CTA State Council calls for a statewide teacher pension system in 1910.

1915 – CTA leads efforts to outlaw child labor and enact other legal protections for children.

1927 – CTA wins legal victory when state Supreme Court rules that a school board cannot fire a female teacher simply because she got married.

1940s – CTA is one of a few organizations in California to protest against internment of Japanese-Americans at the beginning of World War II.

1946 – CTA sponsors Proposition 3, which guarantees schools $120 per student in ADA from the state and a minimum teacher salary of $2,400.

1960 – CTA leads the successful campaign to preserve the then-100-year-old Columbia School in the historic Gold Rush town. Hundreds of thousands of school children give their pennies, nickels and dimes to the project, raising $40,000 altogether, while CTA contributes $30,000 to finish the job.

1967 – CTA establishes schools for children of migrant workers, and leads the authorization of bilingual instruction classes for English learners.

1975 – Legislature passes the CTA-sponsored Rodda Act, making K-14 school employees the first public employees in California to win collective bargaining rights.

1980 – Thousands of teachers receive layoff notices as a result of Prop. 13. Continuing program cuts lead to annual layoffs.

1983 – CTA leads passage of SB 813, which provides significant additional revenue for California schools through equalization of revenue limits and new categorical programs. This bill also provides more rigorous graduation requirements, longer school day and year, and higher beginning teachers’ salaries. It also establishes statewide model curriculum standards.

1988 – CTA drafts and wins passage of Proposition 98, which guarantees a minimum portion of state money to fund K-14 education. The passage of Prop. 98 firmly establishes CTA as a political force to be reckoned with.

1993 – Thousands of teachers and citizens mobilize to defeat Proposition 174, a school voucher initiative.

1994 – CTA opposed Proposition 187, a ballot initiative designed to deny undocumented immigrants social services, health care, and public education. It would have put hundreds of thousands of our students on the streets.

1995 – CTA wins Class Size Reduction law for K-3 classrooms after massive media and lobby campaign.

1996 – CTA files lawsuit (CTA v. Gould ) against the state to protect Proposition 98 and wins largest settlement in the country against a state government, providing $540 million to schools in 1996-97 and more than $1 billion in succeeding years.
CTA membership reaches 270,000.

1998 – CTA leads defeat of an initiative that would have restricted how unions participate in political campaigns and silenced member voices. CTA wins passage of a $9.3 billion statewide school bond.

2000 – After a massive mobilization effort with more than 10,000 CTA members attending a rally in Sacramento, public schools receive $1.84 billion.
CTA members defeat a second voucher initiative, Proposition 38.

2001 – CTA launches an effort to draw attention to the challenges facing lower-performing schools and to bring more resources to them with the Schools of Greatest Need Bus Tour across the state.

2002 – CTA wins passage of a $13 billion statewide school bond.

2003 – CTA wins passage of a $12.3 billion statewide school bond.

2004 – State budget deficit of more than $35 billion results in cuts of nearly $2 billion for schools.

2005 – CTA members lead a broad coalition effort with other public sector labor unions to defeat Governor Schwarzenegger’s initiatives that would have cut school funding, destroyed teachers’ due process rights and silenced the voices of public employees. Efforts include two major rallies at the State Capitol and Pershing Square in Los Angeles that draw over 30,000 people.  CTA files a lawsuit against the state to get back all money owed to schools under Proposition 98.

2006 – CTA’s Quality Education Investment Act (QEIA) passes into law in 2006 and is helping schools that are serving a higher percentage of low income, minority and English learners to close the achievement gap. CTA wins passage of a $10.4 billion statewide school bond.

2007 – CTA members successfully mobilize to stop the harmful Miller-Pelosi reauthorization proposal for the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (the so-called No Child Left Behind Act). The proposal would have placed more emphasis on test scores, created new sanctions for struggling schools, and eroded employee rights.

2008 – Nearly 11,000 CTA members receive pink slips in March. In April, the CTA officers embark on a six-week statewide “Cuts Hurt” bus tour to focus attention on the governor’s proposed cuts. The tour culminates in a CTA Lobby Day at the State Capitol in early May. CTA’s actions reduce layoffs to 5,000.

2009 – As the state budget crisis unfolds, schools are hit with massive cuts. More than 27,000 educators receive pink slips. CTA stages Statewide Day of Action on “Pink Friday,” March 13, and launches the “Stand Up for Schools” website. With CTA’s help, the number of layoffs is reduced to 17,000. In late July, due to CTA’s efforts, the Legislature reaches a budget agreement that will restore $11 billion of Prop. 98 funding in future years.

2012 – CTA leads fight to pass the governor’s Proposition 30. It stops billions in new education cuts and will generate $42 billion for public schools and local services over seven years. CTA also defeats Prop. 32, another attempt to silence our political voices.

A Call for Non-Cooperation: So that Teachers Are Not Foreigners in Their Own Profession | DailyCensored.com - Breaking Censored News, World, Independent, Liberal News

A Call for Non-Cooperation: So that Teachers Are Not Foreigners in Their Own Profession | DailyCensored.com - Breaking Censored News, World, Independent, Liberal News:

A Call for Non-Cooperation: So that Teachers Are Not Foreigners in Their Own Profession

by P.L. Thomas

Gandhi’s views on enhancing the vernaculars…so that Indians are “not foreigners in their own land” are directly tied to his opinions on developing communities (for “the poorest of the poor” ) and making community service an integral part of any education. (Ramanathan, 2006, pp. 235-236)

Standing in the middle of the road offers some statistical advantage to avoiding being run over since you aren’t in the prescribed lanes of traffic, but standing in the middle of the road can never assure the safety that refusing to walk into the road to begin with does.

Writing about a call for a moratorium on implementing and testing Common Core State Standards (CCSS) from union leadership,Anthony Cody ends his blog post with three questions:

What do you think? Should we join Randi Weingarten in pushing for one year’s delay in the harsh consequences attached to Common Core assessments? Will this year put the project on sound footing?

These questions about CCSS have been joined by two other calls for 

UPDATE: FCMAT » Cali Education Headlines Thursday, May 9, 2013

FCMAT » Fiscal Crisis & Management Assistance Team:

Fensterwald: Common Core test is on track, State Board told

Education Headlines

Thursday, May 9, 2013

Paperwork error halts CVUSD board recall

An effort to recall school board members in the Coachella Valley Unified School District has been halted due to a paperwork error.

Desert Sands plans to rescind 10 teacher layoffs

The Desert Sands Unified School District will rescind layoff notices for nine full-time teachers on Friday. Sherry Johnstone, assistant superintendent for personnel, said Wednesday that the district can cancel these potential layoffs because of other employees who recently announced they are retiring.

No easy fix for disappointing school lunchroom redo

A Coachella Valley middle school claims it was misled in the plans for a new kitchen facility, and now the school may be stuck with what it believes is an inferior building unless it can raise money for renovations on its own.

Fresno Unified denies charter renewal for New Millenium school

Fresno Unified trustees voted unanimously Wednesday night to not renew a five-year charter for troubled New Millennium in west Fresno, agreeing with district staff and the county grand jury that the school had failed to fix itself.

Suspension rate higher for black students in Sacramento County

More black students were suspended last school year in Sacramento County than any other ethnic group, even though there are more local white, Asian and Latino students in local schools, according to new state data.

San Juan school district to investigate complaints against superintendent

San Juan Unified's school board said it will investigate nine complaints by former and current district employees lodged with the Fair Employment and Housing Commission.

California moves quickly to carry out national education standards

Carolyn Goehring is among the earliest adopters of Common Core standards, a set of national guidelines that California and 44 other states have embraced as the next big shift in teaching.

GPS will soon track Lodi Unified buses

GPS tracking systems will be installed in Lodi Unified School District buses this summer, allowing district officials to monitor routes or see if a bus is caught in traffic.

Santa Ana Unified says 'No' to new charter

Backers of a proposed charter school in Santa Ana say they will take their application to the Orange County Department of Education next, after Santa Ana Unified trustees voted unanimously Tuesday to reject their plans. Odyssey Charter Academy petitioners failed to demonstrate a sound educational program and curriculum, and did not clearly explain how pupil outcomes would be measured, the district stated in its resolution denying the application.

Temecula school board calls for bond proceeds workshop

Citing a need to delve deeper into the particulars of proposed projects, the Temecula Valley Unified School District board voted Tuesday night to schedule a workshop to discuss how best to spend millions in Measure Y bond proceeds.

Board postpones vote on salaries

The Escondido Union School District board will postpone a vote Thursday on a revised salary schedule for assistant superintendents, officials said. Board members will discuss the recommendation, but won’t vote, said Bob Leon, deputy superintendent for human resources.

Ramona teachers give approval for strike

The Ramona Teachers Association membership has approved a strike authorization measure. The vote results were released Wednesday night. The action does not mean that teachers in the Ramona Unified School District are on strike. Teachers gave permission to the union’s executive board to call a strike “when and if it becomes necessary to the teachers’ efforts to achieve a fair contract settlement” with the district, the association said.

Alisal Union School District teachers protest contract proposal

For the second time in as many months, Alisal Union School District teachers picketed outside the board of trustees meeting, claiming the district is not bargaining their contract in good faith.

Poly High principal removed

Poly High School Principal Wade Coe was put on administrative leave Tuesday, May 7, and a retired principal has replaced him. Coe wasn’t at the Riverside school Wednesday, May 8, and said he does not know why he was removed a little more than a month before graduation on June 12.

LAUSD, attorney dispute reporting of 2009 sex-abuse complaints

Los Angeles Unified officials failed in 2009 to report sex-abuse allegations against a Wilmington elementary school teacher who is now charged with molesting a dozen girls, an attorney claimed Tuesday - statements that were immediately disputed by the district.

School district finalizes closure of San Lorenzo cooperative preschool

School board members voted Tuesday night to finalize the layoff notices issued in March, a decision that will eliminate its cooperative preschool and reduce the work hours for an art teacher in the district.

West Contra Costa schools win state bond debt waiver

The state Board of Education voted unanimously Wednesday to approve a debt limit waiver for the West Contra Costa schools that will allow the district to continue its $1 billion-plus school construction program.

Dana Eaton named superintendent of Brentwood Union School District

Former Brentwood educational leader Dana Eaton is coming home to lead the Brentwood Union School District as its new superintendent.

Mt. Diablo school board to unveil interim superintendent candidates next week

The Mt. Diablo school board has narrowed its list of interim superintendent candidates to two and hopes to interview the pair in closed session May 15, Board President Cheryl Hansen said.

Fensterwald: Common Core test is on track, State Board told

Four states have encountered serious glitches and system meltdowns over the past several weeks as they have moved their own state assessments online. But the head of the state-led consortium creating the Common Core tests for California and two dozen other states expressed confidence Wednesday that his organization is working closely with states and taking precautions to avoid significant problems.

Wednesday, May 8, 2013

School district politicking criticized

The San Diego Unified School District is bound by law to stop using its website to promote political positions, the county grand jury said in a report on Tuesday.

TEMECULA: School district proceeds with teacher layoffs

The Temecula Valley Unified School board authorized the layoff of more than 40 teachers at its meeting Tuesday, May 7. But board members and district administrators said they are hopeful many of the teachers will be brought back as positions open up through attrition.

Monterey Peninsula USD's interim superintendent to stay on next year

Interim Monterey Peninsula Unified School District interim superintendent Leslie Codianne will remain as the district's top administrator through the 2013-14 school year.

Appreciating teachers (for a change):

Appreciating teachers (for a change)

Posted by Valerie Strauss on May 9, 2013 at 10:53 am

This is Teacher Appreciation Week (so declared by theNational Education Association), a fine moment to say something nice to or about teachers, who have been put through the ringer in recent years.

Why has teacher morale been plummeting, as evidenced in poll after poll? You can, in large part, thank reformers who have moved to end or reduce teacher tenure, make teacher evaluation partly dependent on student standardized test scores, tell teachers what and how to teach, etc., etc.

So here, in the spirit of the week, are some nice — and occasionally amusing —  thoughts about teachers.

We teachers are rather good at magic, you know.

— Minerva McGonagall , as written by J.K. Rowling (born 1965) in “Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows” 

The self taught man seldom knows anything accurately, and he does not know a tenth as much as he could have known if he had worked under teachers.

— Mark Twain (1835-1910) 

Teachers are the only professionals who have to respond to bells e