THE SCIENCE OF READING
THE NEWEST ADDITION TO COMMON CORE STANDARDS AND THE STANDARDIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION
Ah, standardization in education. It's like the boring cousin at family reunions that no one really wants to talk to, but they're always there, lurking in the background. And now, we have a new addition to the family: The Science of Reading.
Yes, you read that right. The Science of Reading is the newest addition to the Common Core Standards, which were mandated by No Child Left Behind and Common Core initiatives. These standards were put in place to ensure that all children learn alike, so they can be tested by standardized tests. Because, you know, that's the best way to tell if a child has learned the standards. It's like putting lipstick on a pig - it's still a pig.
But why do billionaires like standardization over learning? Well, it's simple. Standardization means everyone is on the same page, which makes it easier to compare and evaluate student performance and school quality across different contexts and levels. Plus, it gives external actors, such as governments and corporations, more influence and power over educational decisions and practices. And who doesn't love a little bit of power?
The problem with standardization is that it limits the diversity and creativity of teaching and learning. It imposes a one-size-fits-all approach that may not suit the needs, interests, and abilities of different students, teachers, and communities. It creates a culture of testing and accountability that may reduce the intrinsic motivation, engagement, and enjoyment of students and teachers. And it neglects or marginalizes the importance of other aspects of education that are not easily measured or standardized, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, social-emotional skills, or cultural competence.
Enter The Science of Reading. It's a collection of research from multiple fields of study using methods that confirm and disconfirm theories on how children best learn to read. It's teaching based on the 5 Big Ideas: Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension. And it's ever-evolving as new research and evidence emerge over time.
But just like any new addition to the family, The Science of Reading is controversial. It's been used to fuel a long-running debate over the best way to teach reading - phonics or whole language. Supporters of phonics instruction argue that it's necessary for struggling readers, while opponents argue that it ignores the importance of language, identity, culture, and sociocultural contexts in reading development.
So who are the supporters and opponents of this method? Well, it's hard to say because different people may define it differently and may agree or disagree with some aspects of it. But generally speaking, supporters of The Science of Reading emphasize the importance of phonics instruction and cite research that shows the benefits of systematic and explicit phonics teaching for word recognition and reading comprehension. Opponents argue for more holistic and contextualized approaches to literacy that consider the complexity and diversity of reading development and instruction.
And what about those third-grade retention laws? These are state policies that require students to demonstrate adequate reading proficiency by the end of third grade or face being held back for another year. The Science of Reading may influence these laws by providing a rationale for phonics-based instruction and shaping the criteria and assessments used to determine reading proficiency. But the effects of these laws on students' academic and social-emotional development are still unclear.
In conclusion, standardization in education is like that boring cousin at family reunions - always there, always lurking in the background. And now we have a new addition to the family - The Science of Reading. Whether you're a supporter or an opponent, one thing is clear: education is complex and diverse, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach to teaching and learning. So let's embrace the diversity and creativity of education and stop putting lipstick on that pig.
New Report Highlights States that Are at the Vanguard of the Reading Revolution – The 74 https://www.the74million.org/article/new-report-highlights-states-that-are-at-the-vanguard-of-the-reading-revolution/
THE DEFT DIVE
Standardized standards and testing are two related concepts that have important implications for education. However, they also have some benefits and drawbacks that need to be considered.
What are standardized standards and testing?
Standardized standards are a set of academic expectations for what students should know and be able to do in each grade level and subject area. Standardized standards are usually developed by state or national authorities, such as departments of education or expert panels, and are intended to ensure consistency, quality and equity in education across different schools and districts.
Standardized testing is a form of assessment that requires all students to answer the same questions or a selection of questions from a common bank of questions, and that is scored in a consistent manner. Standardized testing is usually aligned with standardized standards, and is intended to measure student achievement, progress and readiness for college or career.
Why are standardized standards and testing important?
Standardized standards and testing can have some important benefits for education, such as:
- - They can provide a clear and common framework for curriculum, instruction and assessment that guides teachers, students and parents in what to teach, learn and expect.
- - They can facilitate the comparison and evaluation of student performance and school quality across different contexts and levels, enabling the identification of strengths, weaknesses and gaps.
- - They can support the improvement of educational outcomes and equity by providing feedback, guidance and resources for teachers, students and schools to enhance their practices and address their needs.
- - They can foster collaboration and innovation among educators, researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders by sharing best practices, evidence and experiences.
What are the challenges of standardized standards and testing?
Standardized standards and testing can also have some challenges for education, such as:
- - They can limit the diversity and creativity of teaching and learning by imposing a one-size-fits-all approach that may not suit the needs, interests and abilities of different students, teachers and communities.
- - They can create a culture of testing and accountability that may reduce the intrinsic motivation, engagement and enjoyment of students and teachers, and lead to negative consequences such as stress, anxiety, cheating or dropout.
- - They can neglect or marginalize the importance of other aspects of education that are not easily measured or standardized, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, social-emotional skills or cultural competence.
- - They can increase the influence and power of external actors, such as governments, corporations or organizations, over the educational decisions and practices of local educators, schools and districts.
Bing, 7/12/2023
(1) Standardized Test Definition - The Glossary of Education Reform. https://www.edglossary.org/standardized-test/.
(2) What you need to know about standardized testing. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/02/01/need-to-know-about-standardized-testing/.
(3) Effects of Standardized Testing on Students & Teachers | American .... https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/effects-of-standardized-testing/.
(4) Standardized Testing Pros and Cons - Does It Improve Education?. https://standardizedtests.procon.org/.
(5) 20 Standardized Tests Pros And Cons (2023) - Helpful Professor. https://helpfulprofessor.com/standardized-test-pros-cons/.
(6) Standardized test - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_test.
(7) Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/exam-royalty-free-image/476463411.
Common Core and No Child Left Behind are two different but related initiatives that aim to improve the quality and equity of education in the United States. However, they have different origins, goals, approaches and impacts on students, teachers and schools.
What is Common Core?
Common Core is a set of academic standards for math and English language arts that were developed by a group of state leaders, educators and experts in 2010. The Common Core aims to ensure that all students are prepared for college and career success by the end of high school. The Common Core defines the knowledge and skills that students should have at each grade level, but does not prescribe how to teach or assess them. States can choose whether to adopt the Common Core or not, and can also add their own standards or revisions. As of 2021, 41 states, the District of Columbia, four territories and the Department of Defense Education Activity have adopted the Common Core.
What is No Child Left Behind?
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is a federal law that was passed in 2001 and reauthorized in 2015 as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). NCLB/ESSA aims to close the achievement gap between different groups of students and hold schools accountable for student performance. NCLB/ESSA requires states to set academic standards, test students annually in grades 3-8 and once in high school, report test results by student subgroups, identify low-performing schools and intervene to improve them. States have some flexibility in how they implement NCLB/ESSA, but they also face consequences for not meeting federal requirements.
How do Common Core and No Child Left Behind work together?
Common Core and No Child Left Behind work together in several ways:
- - Common Core began, in part, as a response to NCLB, which revealed wide variation and inconsistency among state standards and expectations for student achievement.
- - Common Core supports the goal of NCLB/ESSA to ensure that all students are college and career ready by providing clearer and more rigorous standards for math and English language arts.
- - Common Core influences the design and content of the state tests that are used to measure student progress and school performance under NCLB/ESSA.
- - Common Core provides a common framework for states to collaborate and share best practices, resources and innovations in teaching and learning.
However, Common Core and No Child Left Behind also have some challenges and controversies:
- - Common Core has faced criticism and opposition from some parents, educators, policymakers and activists who question its quality, validity, appropriateness or impact on curriculum, instruction or assessment.
- - Common Core has also been associated with high-stakes testing, accountability measures and teacher evaluation systems that may have negative effects on student motivation, teacher autonomy or instructional quality.
- - NCLB/ESSA has faced criticism and opposition from some parents, educators, policymakers and activists who question its effectiveness, fairness, feasibility or impact on equity, diversity or innovation.
- - NCLB/ESSA has also been associated with narrowing the curriculum, teaching to the test or gaming the system to meet federal requirements or avoid sanctions.
Bing, 7/12/2023
(1) The Common Core FAQ : NPR Ed : NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/05/27/307755798/the-common-core-faq.
(2) No Child Left Behind vs. Common Core - FindLaw. https://www.findlaw.com/education/curriculum-standards-school-funding/no-child-left-behind-vs-common-core.html.
(3) 7 Major Differences between No Child Left Behind & Common Core. https://pioneerinstitute.org/blog/7-major-differences-between-no-child-left-behind-and-common-corerace-to-the-top/.
(4) Common Core Vs. No Child Left Behind - 1158 Words | Cram. https://www.cram.com/essay/Common-Core-Vs-No-Child-Left-Behind/FCJWW5PLMXB.
The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) are a set of academic standards for math and English language arts that were developed by a group of state leaders, educators and experts in 2010. The CCSS aim to ensure that all students are prepared for college and career success by the end of high school. However, some states have revised or replaced the CCSS over time, either to address local feedback, concerns or preferences, or to distance themselves from the national initiative.
Major revisions made by states to Common Core standards
Some of the major revisions made by states to Common Core standards are:
- - Adding or deleting content: Some states have added or deleted content from the CCSS to reflect their own priorities, expectations or values. For example, some states have added more emphasis on cursive writing, grammar, literature, financial literacy, state history or culture.
- - Rearranging or reorganizing content: Some states have rearranged or reorganized content from the CCSS to suit their own grade-level progression, scope and sequence or instructional approach. For example, some states have moved some standards to different grade levels, clustered some standards together or split some standards apart.
- - Changing terminology or language: Some states have changed terminology or language from the CCSS to avoid confusion, controversy or association with the national initiative. For example, some states have replaced the term "Common Core" with their own name for the standards, such as "College and Career Ready Standards" or "Academic Standards".
- - Aligning with other standards or frameworks: Some states have aligned their standards with other standards or frameworks that they use or value, such as state-specific standards for other subjects, national standards for science or social studies, or international benchmarks for education.
Areas that have changed
Some of the areas that have changed in the revised or replaced standards are:
- - Phonics and word recognition: Some states have changed the way they teach and assess phonics and word recognition skills, such as by introducing different phonetic patterns, spelling rules or decoding strategies.
- - Text complexity and analysis: Some states have changed the way they measure and evaluate text complexity and analysis skills, such as by using different formulas, criteria or rubrics to determine the appropriate level and quality of texts for students.
- - Writing genres and modes: Some states have changed the way they define and teach writing genres and modes, such as by adding or removing specific types of writing, such as narrative, informative/explanatory, opinion/argumentative or research.
- - Mathematical practices and content: Some states have changed the way they emphasize and integrate mathematical practices and content, such as by adding or removing specific mathematical domains, topics or skills, such as geometry, algebra, fractions or functions.
Bing, 7/12/2023
(1) Common Core implementation by state - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core_implementation_by_state.
(2) Common Core State Standards - Understood. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/common-core-state-standards-what-you-need-to-know.
(3) Common Core States [Updated May 2023] - World Population Review. https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/common-core-states.
(4) Common Core State Standards Initiative - Ballotpedia. https://ballotpedia.org/Common_Core_State_Standards_Initiative.
(5) Common Core - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core.
K12 education standards in the United States vary by state, but most states have adopted or adapted the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for math and English language arts. The CCSS are a set of academic expectations for what students should know and be able to do in each grade level, from kindergarten to 12th grade. The CCSS were developed by a group of state leaders, educators and experts in 2010 with the goal of ensuring that all students are prepared for college and career success.
Which states follow the national standards?
There is no official national standard for K12 education in the United States, but the CCSS are the closest approximation. As of 2021, 41 states, the District of Columbia, four territories and the Department of Defense Education Activity have adopted the CCSS and are working toward implementation. One state—Minnesota—uses only the CCSS for English language arts. The other states either never adopted the CCSS, or adopted it but are rewriting or replacing it.
The following table shows the current status of CCSS adoption by state, according to EdWeek:
State | Status |
Alabama | Adopted |
Alaska | Did not adopt |
Arizona | Adopted with revisions |
Arkansas | Adopted with revisions |
California | Adopted |
Colorado | Adopted with additions |
Connecticut | Adopted |
Delaware | Adopted |
District of Columbia | Adopted |
Florida | Adopted with revisions |
Georgia | Adopted with revisions |
Hawaii | Adopted |
Idaho | Adopted with revisions |
Illinois | Adopted |
Indiana | Replaced |
Iowa | Adopted with additions |
Kansas | Adopted |
Kentucky | Adopted with revisions |
Louisiana | Adopted with revisions |
Maine | Adopted |
Maryland | Adopted |
Massachusetts | Adopted with additions |
Michigan | Adopted with revisions |
Minnesota | ELA only |
Mississippi | Adopted with revisions |
Missouri | Replaced |
Montana | Adopted with additions |
Nebraska | Did not adopt |
Nevada | Adopted with revisions |
New Hampshire | Adopted with additions |
New Jersey | Adopted with revisions |
New Mexico | Adopted with additions |
New York | Adopted with revisions |
North Carolina | Adopted with revisions |
North Dakota | Replaced |
Ohio | Adopted with revisions |
Oklahoma | Replaced |
Oregon | Adopted with additions |
Pennsylvania | Replaced |
Rhode Island | Adopted |
South Carolina | Replaced |
South Dakota | Replaced |
Tennessee | Replaced |
Texas | Did not adopt |
Utah | Replaced |
Vermont | Adopted with additions|
Virginia | Did not adopt|
Washington | Adopted|
West Virginia Adopted with revisions|
< Wisconsin Adopted >
< Wyoming Adopted >
Which states are the leaders in following the national standards?
There is no definitive answer to which states are the leaders in following the national standards, as different states may have different levels of implementation, quality and outcomes. However, some possible indicators of leadership are:
- - The degree of alignment between the state standards and the CCSS
- - The quality and rigor of the state assessments and accountability systems
- - The availability and effectiveness of professional development and resources for teachers and schools
- - The level of stakeholder engagement and support for the standards
- - The performance and progress of students on national and international tests
Based on these indicators, some examples of states that have shown leadership in following the national standards are:
- - California: California has adopted the CCSS without major changes and has developed its own assessments aligned to the standards. The state has also invested in professional development, instructional materials and technology to support implementation. California has also engaged parents, educators and communities in understanding and supporting the standards.
- - Massachusetts: Massachusetts has adopted the CCSS with some additions and has maintained its own high-quality assessments that incorporate items from other consortia. The state has also provided extensive professional development, guidance and resources for teachers and schools. Massachusetts has also consistently performed well on national and international tests.
- - Kentucky: Kentucky was one of the first states to adopt the CCSS and has revised its standards over time to reflect feedback and evidence. The state has also developed its own assessments aligned to the standards and has implemented a comprehensive accountability system. Kentucky has also involved teachers, parents and students in promoting and improving the standards.
Which states have developed their own state standards that are similar to Common Core standards?
Some states have developed their own state standards that are similar to Common Core standards, either by revising or replacing the CCSS. These states may have made minor or major changes to the content, organization or terminology of the standards, but still aim to align with the college and career readiness expectations of the CCSS. Some examples of these states are:
- - Indiana: Indiana replaced the CCSS with its own College and Career Ready Standards in 2014. The new standards are similar to the CCSS in many ways, but also include some differences, such as more emphasis on cursive writing, grammar and literature.
- - Oklahoma: Oklahoma replaced the CCSS with its own Oklahoma Academic Standards in 2016. The new standards are based on the CCSS, but also incorporate input from local educators, experts and stakeholders. The new standards also include some unique features, such as a focus on financial literacy, Oklahoma history and Native American culture.
- - Utah: Utah replaced the CCSS with its own Utah Core Standards in 2016. The new standards are largely aligned to the CCSS, but also reflect some modifications, such as more flexibility for local districts, more attention to Utah-specific topics and more integration of technology.
Bing, 7/12/2023
(1) Common Core State Standards and Assessments in K–12 Education. https://www.nassp.org/learn-the-issues/college-and-career-ready-standards/common-core-state-standards-and-assessments-in-k-12-education/.
(2) Common Core State Standards - Understood. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/common-core-state-standards-what-you-need-to-know.
(3) Curriculum: National and State Standards | Education World. https://www.educationworld.com/standards/.
(4) Kindergarten in the United States | K12 Academics. https://www.k12academics.com/school-grades/kindergarten.
(5) K-12 education content standards in the states - Ballotpedia. https://ballotpedia.org/K-12_education_content_standards_in_the_states.
Standardization in education is the process of establishing and implementing common standards, curricula, assessments and policies for teaching and learning across different schools, districts or countries. Standardization in education can have both benefits and drawbacks, depending on how it is designed and implemented.
Benefits of standardization in education
Some of the benefits of standardization in education are:
- - It can ensure that all students have access to high-quality and relevant education that prepares them for college and career success.
- - It can provide a clear and consistent framework for teachers to plan and deliver instruction that meets the needs and expectations of students, parents and employers.
- - It can facilitate the comparison and evaluation of student achievement and school performance across different contexts and levels, enabling the identification of strengths, weaknesses and gaps.
- - It can support the improvement of educational quality and equity by providing feedback, guidance and resources for teachers, schools and districts to enhance their practices and outcomes.
- - It can foster collaboration and innovation among educators, researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders by sharing best practices, evidence and experiences.
Drawbacks of standardization in education
Some of the drawbacks of standardization in education are:
- - It can limit the diversity and creativity of teaching and learning by imposing a one-size-fits-all approach that may not suit the needs, interests and abilities of different students, teachers and communities.
- - It can create a culture of testing and accountability that may reduce the intrinsic motivation, engagement and enjoyment of students and teachers, and lead to negative consequences such as stress, anxiety, cheating or dropout.
- - It can neglect or marginalize the importance of other aspects of education that are not easily measured or standardized, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, social-emotional skills or cultural competence.
- - It can increase the influence and power of external actors, such as governments, corporations or organizations, over the educational decisions and practices of local educators, schools and districts.
- - It can generate resistance or backlash from some groups or individuals who may perceive standardization as a threat to their autonomy, identity or values.
Bing, 7/12/2023
(1) The Pros and Cons of Standards-Based Education – UWSuper. https://online.uwsuper.edu/degrees/education/msed/educational-administration/pros-cons-standards-based-education/.
(2) Effects of Standardized Testing on Students & Teachers: Key Benefits .... https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/effects-of-standardized-testing/.
(3) ISO - Education about standards. https://www.iso.org/education-about-standards.html.
(4) Equity and Standardization: Are they Compatible? - Impact Tulsa. https://www.impacttulsa.org/2020/01/02/impacttulsa-equity-in-education-defining-equity-2/.
(5) 5 Reasons to Have a Standardized Curriculum - BORGEN. https://www.borgenmagazine.com/5-reasons-to-have-a-standardized-curriculum/.
(6) Education Standardization: Essential or Harmful? | Getting Smart. https://www.gettingsmart.com/2013/04/26/education-standardization-essential-or-harmful/.
What is The Science of Reading?
The Science of Reading is a term that refers to a body of evidence that encompasses multi-disciplinary knowledge from education, linguistics, cognitive psychology, special education and neuroscience. The Science of Reading looks at the essential cognitive processes for competent reading and describes how reading develops in both typical and atypical readers⁴.
According to the National Center on Improving Literacy, The Science of Reading is:
- - A collection of research from multiple fields of study using methods that confirm and disconfirm theories on how children best learn to read.
- - Teaching based on the 5 Big Ideas: Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary and Comprehension.
- - Ever evolving as new research and evidence emerge over time¹.
Why is it controversial?
The Science of Reading is a controversial topic because it has been used to fuel a long-running debate over the best way to teach reading, specifically whether phonics or whole language is best. Some teachers are outraged that they had never learned how to teach phonics in their teacher preparation programs. Others argue that the Science of Reading is often used rhetorically to deny reasonable differences and cut off healthy debate. Some researchers and ELL experts argue that states that have taken up these initiatives have narrowed literacy instruction to a few foundational reading skills that fail to meet the needs of English learners⁵.
Some critics of the Science of Reading movement also worry that it ignores the importance of language, identity, culture and sociocultural contexts in reading development. They fear that it creates children who can read words proficiently, but who have little in the way of critical thinking or comprehension skills⁷.
Who are the supporters and opponents of this method?
It is hard to identify clear supporters and opponents of this method because different people may define it differently and may agree or disagree with some aspects of it. However, some general trends can be observed:
- - Supporters of the Science of Reading tend to emphasize the importance of phonics instruction, especially for struggling readers. They often cite research that shows the benefits of systematic and explicit phonics teaching for word recognition and reading comprehension. They may also advocate for state policies that mandate phonics-based instruction and assessment for early grades. Some examples of supporters are:
- - The Reading League, a nonprofit organization that aims to advance the awareness, understanding and use of evidence-based reading instruction³.
- - Amplify Education, a company that provides curriculum materials and assessments aligned with the Science of Reading².
- - Emily Hanford, a journalist who has produced several documentaries and articles criticizing balanced literacy and promoting the Science of Reading⁶.
- - Opponents of the Science of Reading tend to emphasize the complexity and diversity of reading development and instruction. They often cite research that shows the limitations of phonics instruction and the need for more holistic and contextualized approaches to literacy. They may also oppose state policies that impose narrow criteria for teaching and identifying reading difficulties. Some examples of opponents are:
- - Lucy Calkins, a professor at Columbia University and the founder of Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, a popular balanced literacy program⁸.
- - P.L. Thomas, a professor at Furman University and a blogger who critiques the Science of Reading as propaganda⁸.
- - Nell Duke, a professor at University of Michigan and a researcher who studies literacy development in diverse contexts⁷.
Who is funding this campaign?
There is no definitive answer to who is funding this campaign because different groups and individuals may have different motives and agendas for promoting or opposing the Science of Reading. However, some possible sources of funding are:
- - Foundations and philanthropies that support education reform initiatives, such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Walton Family Foundation, or the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative.
- - Publishers and companies that sell curriculum materials, assessments or professional development services related to the Science of Reading, such as Amplify Education, Zaner-Bloser or Voyager Sopris Learning.
- - Advocacy groups and organizations that lobby for policy changes or public awareness campaigns related to the Science of Reading, such as The Reading League, Decoding Dyslexia or National Right to Read Foundation.
What are and how does The Science of Reading affect 3rd grade retention laws?
Third grade retention laws are state policies that require students to demonstrate adequate reading proficiency by the end of third grade or face being held back for another year. These laws are based on the assumption that third grade is a critical point in reading development when students shift from learning to read to reading to learn.
The Science of Reading may affect these laws in several ways:
- - It may provide a rationale for these laws by claiming that phonics-based instruction can prevent reading failure and ensure that all students are reading on grade level by third grade.
- - It may influence the criteria and assessments used to determine reading proficiency and eligibility for retention or promotion, such as standardized tests or screening tools that measure phonics skills.
- - It may shape the interventions and supports offered to students who are at risk of retention or who have been retained, such as intensive phonics instruction or tutoring.
However, the effects of the Science of Reading on these laws may vary depending on how it is interpreted and implemented by different states, districts, schools and teachers. There is also a lack of evidence on the long-term outcomes and impacts of these laws on students' academic and social-emotional development.
Bing, 7/12/2023
(1) Introduction to the science of reading | Australian Education Research .... https://www.edresearch.edu.au/resources/introduction-science-reading.
(2) The Science of Reading: The Basics - National Center on Improving Literacy. https://improvingliteracy.org/brief/science-reading-basics.
(3) Popular Literacy Materials Get 'Science of Reading' Overhaul. But Will .... https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/popular-literacy-materials-get-science-of-reading-overhaul-but-will-teaching-change/2021/10.
(4) What is the "Science of Reading," and why does it matter?. https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/news/2021/atp-science-of-reading.
(5) The Reading League - The Science of Reading. https://www.thereadingleague.org/.
(6) The science of reading explained - Teach. Learn. Grow.. https://www.nwea.org/blog/2022/the-science-of-reading-explained/.
(7) Is there really a ‘science of reading’? - The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/01/26/readingwars-scienceofreading-teaching/.
(8) NYT Blasts Calkins with “Science of Reading” propaganda. https://radicalscholarship.com/2022/05/23/nyt-blasts-calkins-with-science-of-reading-propaganda/.
