Latest News and Comment from Education

Thursday, July 2, 2020

From anti-vax to anti-mask: School districts brace for parent resistance

From anti-vax to anti-mask: School districts brace for parent resistance

From anti-vax to anti-mask: School districts brace for parent resistance


SACRAMENTO — California’s anti-vaccine movement has a new target: masks.

The same parents who loudly opposed school vaccine requirements in Sacramento last year are turning their attention to mask recommendations that districts are considering as they figure out how to send kids back to the classroom in the middle of a pandemic.

The anti-vaccine movement has seized on mask orders and stay-at-home restrictions as similar infringements on their bodily autonomy and constitutional rights. Those arguments could complicate matters when school returns in the fall, as activists become a vocal force in opposing new mandates on student facial coverings and other preventative efforts.

“Anti-vaxxers are morphing into the anti-anything movement. It’s clear to me that some of them are going to have their children show up to schools without masks to prove their point and poke the bear,” California Assembly Education Chair Patrick O’Donnell (D-Long Beach) said in an interview. “I don't know what authority schools will have.”

At a June legislative hearing in Sacramento on school reopening, parents wore shirts that said “Make pharma liable again” and “I don’t want a flu shot!” They voiced concerns about unfounded impacts of masks on children being able to breathe and the potential for a Covid-19 vaccine requirement down the road.

Christina Hildebrand, president and founder of A Voice for Choice, a California organization that opposes childhood vaccine requirements, said parents are against mask rules in school because of potential for detrimental social-emotional and educational impacts, like an “ingrained fear of contagion" and an inability to socialize.

“Wearing an improperly worn cloth mask is likely to have little positive additional health impact on children vs. the detrimental social, emotional and potential health issues of wearing a mask for 7-8 hours a day,” Hildebrand said in an email. CONTINUE READING: From anti-vax to anti-mask: School districts brace for parent resistance

Anxiety, depression hit students in underrepresented groups

Anxiety, depression hit students in underrepresented groups

OPINION: ‘Anxiety and depression among students have become central issues, and not all young people are affected equally’
The coronavirus's disproportionate effect on Black, Latino and Native American communities


The Hechinger Report is a national nonprofit newsroom that reports on one topic: education. Sign up for our weekly newsletters to get stories like this delivered directly to your inbox.
The coronavirus pandemic has upended the American education system at all levels, and it is taking a serious toll on student mental health and well-being.
A recent survey from Active Minds, a mental health nonprofit, found that 80 percent of the high school and college students surveyed are having difficulty concentrating. Nearly half are facing financial challenges, with unemployment, financial aid and successful distance learning among the concerns of young people.
Anxiety and depression among students have become central issues, and not all young people are affected equally.
Because of the coronavirus’s disproportionate effect on Black, Latino, Native American and low-income communities, young people of color are likely to experience an uneven share of new burdens and financial pressures, as well as worry, grief and loss at home. This situation merits immediate attention and action.
According to an NPR/PBS Newshour/Marist national poll in April, 60 percent of respondents who identified as non-white said they or someone in their household lost work hours or a job due to the pandemic, compared to 43 percent of white respondents. This additional financial strain may make attending college unrealistic for many.
A Gates Foundation survey of parents in May found that for about 60 percent of Black and Latino high school students, the Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted their postsecondary plans, compared with 43 percent of white high school students. (The Gates Foundation is among the many funders of The Hechinger Report.) CONTINUE READING: Anxiety, depression hit students in underrepresented groups

Jersey Jazzman: How Schools Work: A Practical Guide for Policymakers During a Pandemic

Jersey Jazzman: How Schools Work: A Practical Guide for Policymakers During a Pandemic

How Schools Work: A Practical Guide for Policymakers During a Pandemic


This post, unlike most of the others on this blog, does not rely on data analysis or research reviews. It is, instead, the observations of someone who has spent decades working in PreK-12 schools.


I'm offering it because I've read and heard a lot of commentary from a lot of people who seem to think we can quickly prepare for reopening schools in the fall, as long as we have some flexibility and maybe some extra resources. I'll be the first to say (along with others) that more funding is absolutely required if we're going to have any chance of reopening schools.

But even if schools get all of the money they need, and staff show remarkable ingenuity and creativity, there are some basic, inconvenient truths we need to face about how schools work before we claim we can reopen safely this fall. So, in no particular order:

- Children, especially young children, cannot be expected to stay six feet away from everyone else during an entire school day. Sorry, even if a school has the room, it's just not going to happen. One adult can't keep eyes on a couple/few dozen children every second of every hour of every day to ensure they don't drift into each others' spaces. You certainly can't do that and teach. And you can't expect children to self-police. Young children are simply not developmentally able to remind themselves over seven hours not to get near each other.

- Children cannot be expected to wear masks of any kind for the duration of a school day. At some point, the mask has to come off; even adult medical professionals CONTINUE READING: 
Jersey Jazzman: How Schools Work: A Practical Guide for Policymakers During a Pandemic

Private and Religious School Backers See Broad Victory in Supreme Court Decision - The New York Times

Private and Religious School Backers See Broad Victory in Supreme Court Decision - The New York Times

Private and Religious School Backers See Broad Victory in Supreme Court Decision
The court drew its decision narrowly when ruling against a Montana tax break that excluded religious schools. But denominational school advocates will push a broad application.



WASHINGTON — A Supreme Court ruling on Tuesday against Montana’s exclusion of religious schools from a state scholarship program may have been drafted narrowly, but the victory for denominational education has breathed new life into far broader efforts to use public funding for private and parochial schools.
In a 5-4 decision, the court ruled that the state of Montana could not use a provision in its Constitution to exclude religious schools from its private school scholarship program. While the court’s ruling did not go beyond addressing Montana’s constitutional provision, which prohibits the use of public funding for denominational institutions and purposes, voucher opponents and proponents agreed that the decision effectively rendered such amendments toothless.
The provisions, known as Blaine amendments, exist in 37 states and generally restrict government aid to religious institutions. The amendments were named for James G. Blaine, who in the 1800s sought legal mechanisms to deny religious schools public funding, a popular stance at a time rife with discrimination against Catholics.
“Montana and other states should be very clear about this historic decision: Your bigoted Blaine amendments and other restrictions like them are unconstitutional, dead and buried,” Education Secretary Betsy DeVos said. “I’m calling on all states to now seize the extraordinary opportunity to expand all education options at all schools to every single student in America.”

Private school voucher proponents like Ms. DeVos, seeing clear legal momentum, say they will use other court cases and state legislative initiatives to expand voucherlike programs — and ultimately challenge provisions in at least 14 states that strictly prohibit the participation of religious schools in programs that provide tuition assistance.
Scott Bullock, the president and general counsel of the libertarian Institute for Justice, which argued and won the Espinoza case, said the group would work to strengthen programs across the country from challenges. CONTINUE READING: Private and Religious School Backers See Broad Victory in Supreme Court Decision - The New York Times

Derek Black: Untangling the Supreme Court’s Espinoza Decision | Diane Ravitch's blog

Derek Black: Untangling the Supreme Court’s Espinoza Decision | Diane Ravitch's blog

Derek Black: Untangling the Supreme Court’s Espinoza Decision



Derek Black is a law professor at the University of South Carolina who specializes in education, civil rights, and equity. His new book, which I have read and intend to review here, is Schoolhouse Burning. It is phenomenal. It is a new history of American education that documents the historic role of public education in our democracy from the Founding Fathers to the recent past.
Black writes:
Through a political lens, the Supreme Court decision in Espinoza v. Montana requiring the state to include religious schools in its voucher program makes perfect sense. Conservatives have long decried the fact they must foot tuition at their private religious schools while other students receive free education at public schools. Today they got their shot at fixing that.
But through a constitutional lens, the decision can be confusing to all but the constitutional experts.
First is the question of “mootness.” The dissent argues that the case should never have been decided at all because Montana’s voucher program is no longer in operation, but the majority decided the case anyway, reasoning that but for a flaw— the lower court’s flaw in striking the entire program down—the program would be operating to exclude religious groups.
With that out of the way, the majority hinges its opinion on CONTINUE READING: Derek Black: Untangling the Supreme Court’s Espinoza Decision | Diane Ravitch's blog
Steve Hinnefeld: The Supreme Court’s Mistaken View of American History in the Espinoza Decision | Diane Ravitch's blog - https://wp.me/p2odLa-qWw via @dianeravitch

Implied (or not so implied) Bias, White Privilege and Racism: Are We Turning around 400 Years of Bigotry? | Ed In The Apple

Implied (or not so implied) Bias, White Privilege and Racism: Are We Turning around 400 Years of Bigotry? | Ed In The Apple

Implied (or not so implied) Bias, White Privilege and Racism: Are We Turning around 400 Years of Bigotry?


It was the last day of school; we raced home, picked up our bags and off to Kennedy for our overnight flight to Paris. Months earlier my wife was invited to an International Conference on Gifted Education in Hamburg; the planning expanded. We arranged to exchange our apartment with a French family for the month of July, a trip across Europe by train including the conference; from Paris to Brussels, to Amsterdam, the conference in Hamburg, to Berlin, behind the Iron Curtain to Prague, on to Vienna and Munich for the return flight.
We registered our son in a city-run sports program (isn’t Socialism wonderful) and we wandered the City of Lights. Up early, our son picks up a demi-baguette or croissants at the local patisserie, shop in the bouchere, by the second day we were regulars, Madame, monsieur, asseyez –vous, si’l vous plait, recommendations from the butcher along with recipes, ever try lapin (taste’s like chicken). Do you have a cremerie in your neighborhood?  A different cheese every day …. and the French love huitres. Our son was selected to play on the rec center team in the city-wide soccer tournament, (l’American, his nickname, probably helped USA – French relations more than the Embassy).
Eating mussels in the Grand Place  in Brussels, the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, the conference in Hamburg and on to Berlin, crossing over into East Berlin (searched by very serious Vopos, East German border guards) to Rosa Luxemburg Station and off to Prague, the glorious Wenceslas Square, the only CONTINUE READING: Implied (or not so implied) Bias, White Privilege and Racism: Are We Turning around 400 Years of Bigotry? | Ed In The Apple

NYC Educator: Yet Another Letter from the Chancellor

NYC Educator: Yet Another Letter from the Chancellor

Yet Another Letter from the Chancellor



Dear Colleagues, 
Last night, we celebrated the extraordinary class of 2020—and in case you don't find that impressive enough in itself, I'm going to name drop like there's no tomorrow. If you don't believe me, please visit nycclassof2020.com to relive some of the best moments, including messages from Jennifer Lopez, Alex Rodriguez, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Kenan Thompson, Andy Cohen, and Alexandra Ocasio-Cortez. There are also our students themselves, whoever they are, and many more famous people I forgot. I promise it will make you forget about the draconian budget cuts this letter is really about. Hopefuly, you'll forget them altogether!  
Yesterday, we reached another important milestone as well. As you may have seen, Mayor de Blasio and the New York City Council released the City’s Adopted Budget for Fiscal Year 2021, which begins today and ends June 30, 2021. We call it "Adopted" because we want you to think we didn't make it up, that someone else started it somehow and we just picked it up because we are just so gosh darn good-hearted.
The Adopted Budget was created and negotiated in a climate of absolute desperation in which none of us knew what they hell to do. The gala luncheons! The fancy offices! The clean buildings we work in! The reliable heat and air conditioning! Fortunately we still have those things, no one in my office was touched by CONTINUE READING: NYC Educator: Yet Another Letter from the Chancellor

NYC Public School Parents: Update on final NYC budget and what it means for our schools

NYC Public School Parents: Update on final NYC budget and what it means for our schools

Update on final NYC budget and what it means for our schools



Whether the budget that was just passed by the City Council was a good one or not depends on whether you’re looking at the glass half empty or half full.

According to the Council press release, they negotiated the restoration of $100 million in proposed cuts to Fair Student Funding, $11.6 million for the Single Shepherd guidance counselors, $4.8 million for 38 social workers, and $1.8 million for other social-emotional supports for students. The new arrangement also puts School Safety Agents under the authority of the DOE for the first time since Giuliani placed them under NYPD control in 1998, though Mayor de Blasio says the shift will be a gradual, two-year process.

Many significant budget cuts remain, as well as a staffing freeze of teachers and counselors, and it is difficult to know how schools will reopen safely and with adequate support to students given these conditions. See the chart below – adapted from an earlier chart from the City Council– approximating the cuts that appear to remain (aside from an extra $6.6M for social workers and other so far unspecified social-emotional supports): 
NYC Public School Parents: Update on final NYC budget and what it means for our schools

Paul Horton: Provincializing “Western Civilization” and European Exceptionalist Narratives: Where do we Begin? - Living in Dialogue

Provincializing “Western Civilization” and European Exceptionalist Narratives: Where do we Begin? - Living in Dialogue

Provincializing “Western Civilization” and European Exceptionalist Narratives: Where do we Begin?



By Paul Horton.
When Mahatma Gandhi was asked what he thought about Western Civilization, he reportedly replied that, “I think it would be a very good idea.” While Gandhi certainly may not have spoken so pithily in response to such a question, he was, to be sure, a stern critic of “the West,” of the value of Western ideas of progress, capitalism, and technology.
Ghanan-British philosopher, ethicist, historian, and columnist Kwame Anthony Appiah, takes Gandhi’s critique a step further: “I think you should give up the very idea of western civilization. At worst an obstacle to facing some of the great political challenges of our time…I believe that western civilization is not at a good idea at all, and western culture is no improvement.” (Appiah, “There is no such thing as western civilization,” The Guardian, Nov. 9, 2016).
At best, Appiah argues, the idea of western civilization is an aspirational set of values that embraces the Arnoldian (Matthew) concept of collecting “the best that has been thought and said” and teaching the best to elevate the culture, or more precisely, those who would set cultural standards. Core course at Harvard, Columbia, and the University of Chicago famously collected “the best that has been thought and said” in “great books” collections for use in undergraduate and adult education classes in the early twentieth century, effectively canonizing western intellectual history within elite institutions of higher learning in the United States.
But Appiah contends that every culture or “civilization” or region could do much the same, so that what passes for knowledge in the western tradition is hopelessly skewed. Keep in mind that Appiah not diminishing the value of the “western” political tradition, rather he is claiming that the construction and selection of the category of “western” is arbitrary at the outset.
The tensions that exist within the discipline of history around these questions inform the current discussions CONTINUE READING: Provincializing “Western Civilization” and European Exceptionalist Narratives: Where do we Begin? - Living in Dialogue

Application for COVID-19 Disaster Relief - Nutrition (CA Dept of Education)

Application for COVID-19 Disaster Relief - Nutrition (CA Dept of Education)

Application for COVID-19 Disaster Relief



The California Department of Education (CDE) is providing program operators, including, school districts, county offices of education, charter schools, residential childcare institutions, and private schools participating in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), School Breakfast Program (SBP), Seamless Summer Option (SSO), and Summer Food Services Program (SFSP) which have sites that have been temporarily closed and/or meals served have been reduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic emergency, a reimbursement to offset fixed expenses, such as salaries and benefits, that continue to accrue during the temporary closure, pursuant to the 2020 Budget Act, Sec 118.
Compliance
All records pertaining to the NSLP, SBP, SSO, and SFSP must be kept in compliance with California Education Code Section 33421, and Title 7, Code of Federal Regulations, Section 210.23(c). The records must include, but are not limited to, a copy of the state or federal disaster or emergency declaration signed by the President of the United States or Governor of California and other documentation which support the meals and expenditures claimed in this application.
Availability of Funding
Reimbursement through this application is contingent on available funds. Approved COVID-19 disaster relief payments will be made from the state’s General Fund or from the Federal Trust Fund in accordance with the federal Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, if CARES Act funds are made available to the CDE for this purpose.
Application Requirements
It is imperative that only one application is submitted for each program operator to ensure timely processing and accurate disaster claim reimbursement. The Application for COVID-19 Disaster Relief Reimbursement includes two parts: (1) A web-based application that allows sponsors to submit general information related to the disaster claim and (2) An Excel document titled COVID-19 Disaster Claim Detail Form, which requires information related to impacted sites and days of closure.
Application Timeline
Program operators may submit this application on behalf of all or some of the agency sites that experienced temporary closures or reduced meal service from March 1, 2020, through June 30, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic emergency. The final filing date is August 31, 2020, but program operators are encouraged to submit applications as soon as possible. If the information you provide to the CDE in the application changes or needs to be corrected, you must contact your Nutrition Services Fiscal Analyst directly at that time to ensure the most accurate information is evaluated for disaster relief reimbursement.
Use the steps below to complete the application:
Part 1: Complete the COVID-19 Application for Disaster Relief Reimbursement
  • Before you begin, ensure you have pertinent details available, such as your CNIPS ID Number, Vendor Number, Number of sites and Number of days claimed.
  • Provide the requested information within each screen. Make note of the Next Steps screen, which advises that a COVID-19 Disaster Claim Detail Form must be completed and submitted after the web-based application is submitted.
  • Certify and submit.
Part 2: Complete the COVID-19 Disaster Claim Detail Form
After you submit the web-based application, you will receive confirmation by email that your application was received and that additional actions are needed. This email will contain a link to the required form.
  • Carefully review the Instructions tab.
  • Fill out the Claim Detail tab by inputting details regarding individual sites that were impacted.
    • If all sites were impacted in the same way (either all closed completely or all served a reduced number of meals), you only need to complete the first row within the Claim Detail tab
  • Save the form according to the instructions.
  • Once the form is submitted to the CDE, your application is complete. Your assigned Nutrition Fiscal Services Analyst may contact you at a later date with questions they might have regarding the information within the Application or Claim Detail Form.
For more comprehensive COVID-19 Guidance, please visit the School and Child and Adult Day Care Meals web page.
Contact Information
If you have any questions regarding this application, please email NSDDisasterClaims@cde.ca.gov and include the following information in the subject line: (1) your county name, and, (2) CNIPS ID.
Questions:   Nutrition Services Division | 800-952-5609

USDA CACFP At-risk in Summer 2020 Waiver Request - Nutrition (CA Dept of Education) - https://www.cde.ca.gov/ls/nu/cacfpatrisksum2020waiv.asp

CURMUDGUCATION: Betsy Devos's Happy Day

CURMUDGUCATION: Betsy Devos's Happy Day

Betsy Devos's Happy Day


There is plenty of joy in some Reformsterville neighborhoods these days, thanks to the not-unexpected ruling by the Supreme Court on Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue.

As some education folks have pointed out, it could have been worse. The court said that if states are going to pay for any non-public schools, they must include religious schools in the mix, which is not as bad as saying the state must help pay for religious schools in all cases. Granted, that move is undoubtedly just one lawsuit away, and the reasoning isn't hard to conjure up: if states can't exclude religious schools from voucher funding just because they're religious, then why should they be able to exclude them from any and all funding?


But that's a lawsuit for another day. Right now, folks are doing a happy dance. "Freedom of Religion Narrowly Upheld" says the Heritage Foundation. "The Supreme Court delivers a huge win for kiuds--and against bigotry," says the always anti-public ed N ew York Post. "Win for Students, Families," says Americans for Prosperity. "U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Religious Freedom," says First Liberty. "Landmark Victory for Parents," declares Institute for Justice. "Important Free Exercise Victory," says National Review. Winner of the Grand Irony Award is the group Yes. Every Kid, which hails this as a "win for students, families," even though it's a win for schools whose policy is "No. Not every kid. No way!"

Response has been restrained in some other Reformsterville neighborhoods. AEI's Rick Hess calls it a "landmark" and provides a pretty straightforward explanation with no confetti in sight. As of today, Education Post has been silent on the decision, nor does the Fordham Institute yet have its 2 cents CONTINUE READING: 
CURMUDGUCATION: Betsy Devos's Happy Day

Seattle’s educators: Defund the police and expel them from schools! – I AM AN EDUCATOR

Seattle’s educators: Defund the police and expel them from schools! – I AM AN EDUCATOR

Seattle’s educators: Defund the police and expel them from schools!


A version of this Op-Ed originally appeared in the Seattle Times.
Seattle’s Education Association representative assembly — the union body that represents Seattle’s teachers, nurses, librarians, instructional assistants, office professionals and educational support staff — has overwhelmingly passed seven resolutions in solidarity with the movement for Black lives. These included removing police from schools (which was achieved with a recent vote of the school board) and the King County Labor Council, (which was achieved by a recent vote of the council), educating SEA members on alternatives to calling 911 on students, and my own resolution to defund the Seattle Police Department and reinvest the money in education, health care and programs to support families.
These bold resolutions, adopted June 8, were surely spurred by the police killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery, and the ensuing uprising that’s swept the nation. But this vote wasn’t only about injustices elsewhere. Seattle’s educators have been fighting institutional racism and the school-to-prison-pipeline here for some time.
In Seattle, our “Black Lives Matter at School” movement erupted September 2016. A white supremacist threatened to bomb John Muir Elementary School when the educators there — in conjunction with parents, community and the group “Black Men United to Change the Narrative” — declared they would celebrate Black students with an assembly, and by wearing “Black Lives Matter” shirts to school.
Black Lives Matter at School then went national, thanks to educators in Philadelphia who organized a full week of action and broke down the 13 CONTINUE READING: Seattle’s educators: Defund the police and expel them from schools! – I AM AN EDUCATOR

Diane Ravitch in Conversation with Andre Perry - Network For Public Education

Diane Ravitch in Conversation with Andre Perry - Network For Public Education

Diane Ravitch in Conversation with Andre Perry


Start: Wednesday, July 08, 2020  7:30 PM  Eastern Daylight Time (US & Canada) (GMT-04:00)

End: Wednesday, July 08, 2020  9:00 PM  Eastern Daylight Time (US & Canada) (GMT-04:00)

Diane_and_andre

The Network for Public Education invites you to join us for a video conference with NPE President Diane Ravitch. Diane's guest this week will be Brookings Institute fellow and Hechinger Report columnist, Andre Perry. Join Diane and Andre in conversation about Andre's new book, Know Your Price, and the devaluation of Black educators in New Orleans charters.

NewBlackMan (in Exile) TODAY

NewBlackMan (in Exile)


NewBlackMan (in Exile) TODAY






Op-Docs: The Scars of Being Policed While Black
'Based on more than a decade of research, this Op-Doc from anthropologist Lawrence Ralph serves as an instant primer on the roots of police violence. Right now, somewhere in the United States, similar episodes of police violence are still playing out.' -- New York Times
When Essential Workers Earn Less Than The Jobless: 'We Put The Country On Our Back'
'Congress has yet to pass a measure that would ensure a pay boost for people who have been asked to keep going to work during the coronavirus pandemic shutdowns.' -- Morning Edition
Following the Killing of George Floyd, Public Murals On Display in Communities Across the U.S.
'From Minneapolis, Minnesota to Miami, Florida, public murals memorializing George Floyd and others killed by police are popping up in communities across the country. These public artworks are more than just beautiful tributes to the Black lives lost. They’re part of a deeper history of public rituals and displays of Black mourning in the U.S. And with the coronavirus pandemic still ongoing, trad
How Pop Smoke and Fivio Foreign Took Brooklyn Drill Global
' A hyper-local strain of hip-hop that started in Chicago was tweaked by bedroom producers in the United Kingdom before taking over Brooklyn. Now it’s the soundtrack to a summer of unrest. The latest episode of Diary of a Song breaks down “Big Drip,” one of drill’s defining anthems.' -- The New York Times
Racism in Feminist Media Spaces
'Rebecca Jennings, culture reporter for The Goods at Vox, discusses her recent article, “The Racial Reckoning in Women’s Media,” which covers accusations of racial discrimination within women-led media and lifestyle brands.' -- All Of It
Hilton Als’s Homecoming and the March for Queer Liberation
'In the summer of 1967, a young black boy in Brooklyn was shot in the back by a police officer. The writer Hilton Als recalls the two days of “discord and sadness” that followed, and reflects on the connection between those demonstrations and this summer’s uprising following the killing of George Floyd . Plus, an activist group sees an opportunity to reclaim the mantle of gay pride after New York
Black Doctors Say Pandemic Reveals Enduring Racial Inequity Medicine Alone Cannot Fix
'Three African American ER physicians in Washington, D.C., recount experiences on their wards, where Black patients make up the vast majority of the city's COVID-19 fatalities.' -- All Things Considered
Intercepted: The Rebellion Against Racial Capitalism with Robin D.G. Kelley
'On this episode of Intercepted with Jeremy Scahill , Dr. Robin D.G. Kelley , a distinguished history professor at UCLA, explains why he believes the current abolitionist movement has the potential to fundamentally change the country 
NewBlackMan (in Exile)