Latest News and Comment from Education

Sunday, March 30, 2014

empathyeducates – Special Report: Taxpayers Fund Creationism in the Classroom

empathyeducates – Special Report: Taxpayers Fund Creationism in the Classroom:



    Special Report: Taxpayers Fund Creationism in the Classroom


    Image; A striking shift in public policy has flown largely under the radar.
    By Stephanie Simon | Originally Published at Politico.
    March 24, 2014 05:01 AM EDT
    Taxpayers in 14 states will bankroll nearly $1 billion this year in tuition for private schools, including hundreds of religious schools that teach Earth is less than 10,000 years old, Adam and Eve strolled the garden with dinosaurs, and much of modern biology, geology and cosmology is a web of lies.
    Now a major push to expand these voucher programs is under way from Alaska to New York, a development that seems certain to sharply increase the investment.
    Public debate about science education tends to center on bills like one in Missouri, which would allow public school parents to pull their kids from science class whenever the topic of evolution comes up. But the more striking shift in public policy has flown largely under the radar, as a well-funded political campaign has pushed to open the spigot for tax dollars to flow to private schools. Among them are Bible-based schools that train students to reject and rebut the cornerstones of modern science.
    Decades of litigation have established that public schools cannot teach creationism or intelligent design. But private schools receiving public subsidies can — and do. A POLITICO review of hundreds of pages of course outlines, textbooks and school 

    Call Albany and Tell Them NO!! On #NYBUDGET14 southbronxschool.com

    http://www.southbronxschool.com:



    Call Albany and Tell Them NO!! On #NYBUDGET14

    Janine Sopp and Change the Stakes hit another home run on Facebook with her latest posting.

    The Crack Team has decided to make her an honorary member and extends all benefits and privileges that go with membership to her.

    Basically, the FB post was a call to arms for everyone to contact their State Senator and Assembly member and implore them to vote no on tomorrow's vote on the 2014 NYS Budget.

    But one might ask, how can I contact my Senator or Assembly member? Simple. Thank to the Stop Common Core in New York State website and Yvonne Gasperina, The Crack Team found lists with all members email addresses and Twitter handles (for those that have Twitter).

    New York State Assembly Email and Twitter

    New York State Senate Email

    New York State Senate Twitter

    The hashtag that Governor Andy is using to promote the state budget is #nybudget14

    From Change the Stakes;

    URGENT PLEASE call your legislators in Albany today and urge them to vote NO on the NY state budget bill! On Monday, they will be voting on a budget that favors charter schools over public schools, provides them considerably more funds per student , bans charging charters rent or facility fees, and will provide any new or expanding charter free space in NYC public school buildings – or the city has to build or rent them facilities, out of taxpayer funds. NYC will be the ONLY place in the country where the district will be obligated to provide free space for ANY new or expanded charter in the future. The bill also contains very weak provisions on protecting student privacy.

    1. On charters: this bill will encourage the forced corporate takeover of NYC public schools, where we already have the most overcrowded schools in the state. It will cause even more overcrowding in our already crammed schools, and make the city pay millions to house all new and expanded charters in the future. Our elementary and high schools are already 95% utilized – according to the DOE’s own figures, which even the Chancellor has admitted underestimates the actual level of overcrowding. More than half of our students are already in severely overcrowded buildings. 

    Enrollment projections call for an increase of 70,000 more students over the next decade -- and the only ones who will be guaranteed space going forward, to allow for smaller classes or to regain their art, music or science rooms, will be students enrolled in charters. This is the MOST onerous charter law in the nation and a huge unfunded mandate for NYC. For more on this see Diane Ravitch’s blog and the NYC public school parents blog.

    2. On privacy: the bill is not much better. It appears to ban the state providing data to inBloom for the purposes of creating data dashboards, but not for any other purpose. And it has no mention of parental consent or opt out – except for requiring consent before vendors can give the information to other vendors, which they will still be allowed to do without consent via a huge loophole, if they call them their “authorized representatives.” It calls for a privacy officer, who will write a “parent bill of rights” under the direction of the Commissioner, who as far as we can tell, doesn’t believe that parents have any rights when it comes to protecting the privacy of their children. For a more detailed analysis, see our blog here.

    The legislators are in Albany today, discussing this bill. Please call your Assembly
    member (contact info here: http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/?sh=search) and your Senator (http://www.nysenate.gov/) today in Albany, and urge them to tell their leadership NOT to allow this bill to go forward. If it does come to the floor, they should vote NO.

    Thanks for your support for the rights of NY public schoolchildren!

    Don't wait, don't think about it, do it!

    3-30-14 the becoming radical A Place for a Pedagogy of Kindness by P. L. Thomas, EdD

    the becoming radical | A Place for a Pedagogy of Kindness (the public and scholarly writing by P. L. Thomas, Furman University):






    CALL for Proposals: Inside Stories: Teach For America Corps Members Speak Up and Speak Out
    CALL FOR BOOK CHAPTER PROPOSALS  Inside Stories: Teach For America Corps Members Speak Up and Speak Out Founded in 1989, Teach For America (TFA) has grown into a massive organization with a presence in thirty states and twenty-six countries, financially supported by a host of philanthropic foundations and other organizations with considerable influence.  Additionally, TFA constitutes an integral p


    Unions? We Don’t Need No Stinking Unions
    I have lived and worked always in the state of South Carolina. SC is a high-poverty state (see here and here) with a racially diverse population (ranked 12th highest). And, like many comparable states across the Deep South, SC is a right to work state. Combined, these characteristics of my home state confirm, I think, my claim about the self-defeating South. However, when it comes to the Great Ame




    3-29-14 the becoming radical EMPATHYEDUCATES! | A Place for a Pedagogy of Kindness by P. L. Thomas, EdD
    THE BECOMING RADICALRadical ScholarshipEMPATHYEDUCATES!the becoming radical  A Place for a Pedagogy of Kindness by Standing Up to TestingPhotograph; David Rapheal, Brooklyn borough assessment implementation director for New York schools, at a meeting on the opt-out movement on Tuesday | Credit Anthony Lanzilote for The New York Times By Ginia Bellafante | Originally Published at The New York Times

    3-30-14 Seattle Schools Community Forum

    Seattle Schools Community Forum:








    Seattle Schools This Week
    Monday, March 31stThe final Strategic Plan Community Meeting from 6:30-8:30 pm in West Seattle at Roxhill Elementary.Tuesday, April 1stSpecial Education Advisory and Advocacy Council meeting at 6:30 p.m. , JSCEE, Room 2700Wednesday, April 2ndSchool Board meeting starting at 4:15 p.m.  Agenda.- a rather large Consent agenda as part of a very long agenda.  - One item I note is the construction contr


    Refusal Movement Growing in New York

    FYI, the correct legal term that districts and states use is "refusal" and not "opt-out." From the Mrs Mom Blog (in case you didn't know what the Supreme Court has to say on this subject):Until last year, I, along with most parents, did not realize that parents have the right to refuse state testing on behalf of their children. Parents have the right to refuse. There is no prov


    3-29-14 Seattle Schools Community Forum Week
    Seattle Schools Community Forum:Seattle Schools Community ForumNew York has the Most Segregated Schools in the Nation (and guess where it's the worst?)In a devastating report from the Civil Rights Project at UCLA, New York State's Extreme School Segregation: Inequality, Inaction and a Damaged Future, the conclusion is that NY State has the segregated schools in the nation, both by race and poverty


    Attorneys give final arguments in Vergara suit challenging laws for teacher hiring, firing | EdSource Today

    Attorneys give final arguments in Vergara suit challenging laws for teacher hiring, firing | EdSource Today:



    Judge Rolf Treu must issue a ruling on the case by early July.
    Judge Rolf Treu must issue a ruling on the case by early July. Source: Courtroom View Network
    The future of tenure and other laws governing how teachers are hired and fired in California is now in the hands of Judge Rolf Treu.
    Attorneys in Vergara v. California made their final pitches Thursday in Los Angeles County Superior Court. The four hours of closing arguments paralleled opening statements two months to the day and 52 witnesses ago, with diametrically different views on whether teachers’ workplace protections harm  many – or any –  of the state’s most vulnerable schoolchildren.
    The lawsuit was filed on behalf of Beatriz Vergara of Los Angeles and eight other students in five California school districts by Silicon Valley businessman David Welch. He started the nonprofit Students Matter to file and promote the case and hired a high-profile team of lawyers, led by Theodore Olson and Theodore Boutrous. They challenged three statutes laying out the teacher dismissal process, two laws establishing tenure – the due process guarantees given teachers after two years on the job – and layoffs by seniority, known as LIFO for the “last in, first out” process.
    The state’s two teachers unions have characterized Vergara as part of a larger, ideological effort by wealthy individuals like Welch to undermine unions, scapegoat teachers and divert attention 

    Guest Essay: Why Common Core Should Bother All Republicans | Crazy Crawfish's Blog

    Guest Essay: Why Common Core Should Bother All Republicans | Crazy Crawfish's Blog:



    Guest Essay: Why Common Core Should Bother All Republicans

    Posted on March 30, 2014

    WHY COMMON CORE SHOULD BOTHER ALL REPUBLICANS

    “Our current system of top-heavy, bureaucratic, centrally planned education is failing to ensure the quality of education our children need and deserve. Therefore, we support measures that maintain the independence of Louisiana schools from the federal government. We support keeping all Louisiana education dollars in Louisiana without going to maintain unneeded bureaucrats at the national level.
    Real education reform means local control of curriculum, budget, textbook selection, and personnel in the public schools. We believe parents must have complete access to all information concerning curriculum and activities used in educating their children, and we believe parents must have access to all materials used for teacher development in the public school system.”
    Considering the push to promote the Common Core State Standards Initiative in the state of Louisiana by many of our Republican legislators, it is surprising to note that the above quotes are from the platform of the Republican Party of Louisiana.

    Since the implementation of these standards has begun in our state, citizens are educating themselves about the full agenda associated with Common Core. There are several Republican legislators in Louisiana who are aware of this and are working hard to rid Common Core from our state. Fortunately, this number is growing.

    Many Republicans, like me, are wondering how other legislators, particularly Republicans, can support something which is in complete opposition to the platform which they are supposed to uphold. Have some of our elected Republicans failed to realize that when they run as a Republican 

    4LAKids - some of the news that doesn't fit 3-30-14

    4LAKids - some of the news that doesn't fit:





    Common Core Fact Sheet
      smf: Phil Daro, named  above as a staffer of NCEE (National Center for Education and the Economy – Gates, Broad, Apple, Walton – complete list of funders HERE) currently works for Pearson Learning, LLC – and with no apparent conflict of interest whatsoever -  is advertised by Pearson as a developer of the Common Core Standards AND the Pearson Common Core System of Courses. The Pioneer


    CENTRAL BASIN WATER DISTRICT DIRECTOR IN LAUSD’s ‘TEACHER JAIL’
    By Mike Sprague, Whittier Daily News | http://www.whittierdailynews.com/government-and-politics/20140326/central-basin-water-district-director-in-lausds-teacher-jail Central Basin Municipal Water District director James Roybal during a board meeting at the district’s headquarters in Commerce on March 13. Leo Jarzomb — Staff Photographer 3/26/14, 7:40 PM PDT | COMMERCE  ::   Los Angeles


    Los Angeles Says Goodbye To Celes King Iv
    30 March 2014  ::  The community, the Greater Community, The City of Angels we aspire to be, bid farewell to Celes King IV at his funeral yesterday morning and afternoon. We celebrated a life well and completely lived – even if cut short. We prayed and wept and laughed and  sang – and learned things we probably should’ve known all along. See:  CELES KING IV, Civil Rights Leader, Community




    4LAKids - some of the news that doesn't fit 3-29-14
    4LAKids - some of the news that doesn't fit:4LAKIDS - SOME OF THE NEWS THAT DOESN'T FIT  HOW A DYSLEXIC NEUROSCIENTIST’S iPAD APP WILL BOOST YOUR KID’S MATH SCORES: A nonprofit demonstrates an effective program for bringing technology into the classroom.By Claire Martin / | TakePart http://bit.ly/O7bIqo (Photography by Larry Hirshowitz) March 28, 2014   ::  On a recent weekday morning, a six-year-

    Stephen Krashen Blog 3-30-14

    SKrashen:







    Adumbrationism and the Book Whisperer
    There are 222 reviews of the Donalyn Miller's terrific Book Whisperer on Amazon. 182 gave it a "5"31 gave it a "4"8 gave it a "3"Nobody gave it a 2And HH gave it a 1Here is HH's review, followed by my comment, also posted on Amazon.Save yourself some time, March 16, 2014 By  HH. "Great for novice teachers or anyone needing a refresher but more or less a culmina

    Misinformed at the common core

    Too many people remain misinformed about the common core. Here is the latest distortion.Alan Greenblatt just attacked the Opt-Out movement, saying that it is irresponsible and selfish.  There are over 300 comments on the website.  Greeenblatt and most of those who commented have no idea what is going on. His review appears at: > http://www.npr.org/2014/03/28/295270259/of-me-i-sing-americans-cons


    Stephen Krashen Blog 3-29-14
    SKrashen:21st Century Skills?21st Century Skills?Stephen KrashenYogi Berra: "It's hard to predict, especially about the future.""I contend that, instead of insisting on more and more standardization, we should be increasing variety, flexibility, and choice in what we offer in our schools (Noddings, 2009, p.243)." ... useful knowledge changes as societies change" (Zhao, 200




    The Edtech Trinity: Time, Training, and Tools | EdCentrist

    The Edtech Trinity: Time, Training, and Tools | EdCentrist:



    The Edtech Trinity: Time, Training, and Tools

    Edtech Trinity
    Edtech tools will never replace teachers, but teachers who use edtech tools will replace those who don’t. There’s absolutely no denying that edtech tools are changing the teaching profession. As a result, I’ll argue that the edtech trinity in education must include time, training, and tool searching. As the edtech industry grows and becomes more advanced, every teacher will have the following choice to make: either get ahead of the learning curve or fall further behind.
    Time
    Regardless of your education reform perspective, the classroom teacher is, and always will be, the true agent of change. Even though teachers may feel powerless, at times, they must remember to assume responsibility for what they can control. Therefore, when it comes to edtech, there’s no substituting time and knowledge. Teachers need time to “play around” with edtech tools. This cannot be in the form of a “one-off” meaningless professional development presentation. A one-hour training session on the benefits and features of a particular edtech tool isn’t going to “cut it.” Yes, less tech-savvy teachers will need exposure to the edtech landscape, but, more than anything else, they’ll need an ample amount of time to learn how to effectively use these tools within the classroom.
    Training & Support
    In addition to time, teachers need a safe space to risk successful implementation. Every teacher 

    NYC Public School Parents: Say NO! to a massive corporate giveaway in the budget bill, and a video of Middletown HS students on this outrage

    NYC Public School Parents: Say NO! to a massive corporate giveaway in the budget bill, and a video of Middletown HS students on this outrage:



    Say NO! to a massive corporate giveaway in the budget bill, and a video of Middletown HS students on this outrage

    Dear parents:   PLEASE call your legislators in Albany today and urge them to vote NO on the state budget bill!  


    On Monday, the Legislature will be voting on a budget that favors charter schools over public schools, provides them considerably more funds per student , bans charging charters rent or facility fees, and will guarantee any new or expanding charter free space in NYC  public school buildings – or the city has to build or rent them facilities out of taxpayer funds. NYC will be the ONLY place in the country where the district will be obligated to provide free space for ANY new or expanded charter in the future.   


    The bill also contains very weak provisions on protecting student privacy, and it is not even clear if it would stop inBloom.  For more on the bill's inept and deceptive privacy provisions see our blog here


    It is rather amazing that while Cuomo has deliberately refused to provide our schools with equitable funding or the ability to reduce class size -- which the state's highest court deemed necessary for students to receive their constitutional right to a sound, basic education -- he is instead allowing hedge funders and corporate interests to hijack the space in our schools and our children's personal data.



    Please contact your legislators today in Albany today, and ask them to tell their leaders that this massive giveaway to corporate interests should not go forward -- or they should vote no on the budget.



    Your Assemblymember's contact info is here; your Senator is here.  Meanwhile, the students of Middletown HS in NY say it better than I do.  See their video below. 






    John Thompson: Legal Woes Growing for VAM-Based Teacher Evaluations - Living in Dialogue - Education Week Teacher

    John Thompson: Legal Woes Growing for VAM-Based Teacher Evaluations - Living in Dialogue - Education Week Teacher:



    John Thompson: Legal Woes Growing for VAM-Based Teacher Evaluations

    Guest post by John Thompson.


    I used to be a legal historian. That did not mean I could practice law without a license, but I could be a pretty fair consumer of legal analyses. It also made me aware of how attorneys and judges think.
    When the idea of incorporating value-added into teacher evaluations was first introduced, I checked with lawyers who I knew to have solid legal minds. Like me, they were offended by the idea of using such an algorithm for evaluating individual teachers. Almost all of my sources were confident that such evaluations would not withstand judicial review. Typically, their appraisals were based less on the details of the experimental statistical models than on case law.
    Then, Oklahoma joined other states and passed a law mandating value-added evaluations, and the consensus changed. To defend decisions based on these new laws, systems only had to show that the terminations were not irrational. Unless a value-added model was used in a way that was arbitrary and/or virtually absurd, the court was likely to defer to a district's firing of teachers.
    I read national experts' recommendations to advocates of value-added evaluations and, sadly, I had to agree with their judgments. Attorneys warned that the process of using statistical models to help fire or deny performance pay to teachers should be done carefully. As long as systems played their 

    Money Matters | EduShyster

    Money Matters | EduShyster:



    Money Matters





     Teach for America alumnus Ben Spielberg talks Vergara vs. California, teachers unions and why education reform without social justice isn’t possible.

    TFA alum is now a leader of the San Jose Teachers Association.
    TFA alum Ben Spielberg is now a leader of the San Jose Teachers Association.
    EduShysterVergara vs. California, the landmark case that seeks to eliminate tenure for teachers, wrapped up this week. Do you think the plaintiffs made their case? 
    SpielbergI’ve got to believe that they won’t win because their case was really bad. Even the experts they brought in to testify have found that there’s not that much disparity in terms of teaching quality between lower income and higher income schools, and because thestatutes in question apply equivalently to low income and high income schools, it would be really hard to prove that they affect lower income and minority students differently than they do higher income students. I think that large part of the plaintiffs’ intention had less to do with winning than with waging a PR campaign against organized labor. The people who are driving this are generally wealthy interests that really dislike the concept that there are due process protections for any workers, not just teachers. They want all employment to be at will and they don’t want a collective voice. 
    EduShyster: You’ve written extensively about Vergara and the claims being made by the high-profile and well-funded legal team, but I want to start by talking about your background 

    The Single Best Idea for Reforming K-12 Education

    The Single Best Idea for Reforming K-12 Education:



      63,725 views

    The Single Best Idea for Reforming K-12 Education



     I have been asked for my “single best idea for reforming K-12 education”. When you only have one shot, you want to make it count. So I thought I would share my idea here, in case anyone has a brighter insight.

    Root cause: factory model of management

    To decide what is the single best idea for reforming K-12 education, one needs to figure out what is the biggest problem that the system currently faces. To my mind, the biggest problem is a preoccupation with, and the application of, the factory model of management to education, where everything is arranged for the scalability and efficiency of “the system”, to which the students, the teachers, the parents and the administrators have to adjust. “The system” grinds forward, at ever increasing cost and declining efficiency, dispiriting students, teachers and parents alike.
    Given that the factory model of management doesn’t work very well, even in the few factories that still remain in this country, or anywhere else in the workplace for that matter, we should hardly be surprised that it doesn’t work well in education either.
    But given that the education system is seen to be in trouble, there is a tendency to think we need “better management” or “stronger management” or “tougher management”, where “management” is assumed to be the factory model of management. It is assumed to mean more top-down management and tighter controls, and more carrots and sticks. It is assumed to mean hammering the teachers who don’t perform and ruthlessly weeding out “the dead wood”. The thinking is embedded in Race to the Top and No Child Left Behind.
    These methods are known to be failing in the private sector, because they dispirit the employees and limit their ability to contribute their imagination and creativity; they frustrate customers, and they are killing the very organizations that rely on them. So why should we expect anything different in the education sector?
    When the problems have been caused in the first place by introducing the practices of “management”, then a more rigorous pursuit of this type of “management” only makes things worse. It is like medieval doctors trying to cure patients by bloodletting, using leeches, which only made the patients worse.
    The inapplicablity of these methods is aggravated by the changes in the economy. Not so long ago, we could predict what jobs and careers might be available for children in their adult life. The education system could tell little Freddie or Janet what to study and if he or she mastered that, he or she was set for life. Not any more. We simply don’t know what jobs will be there in twenty years time. Today, apart from a few core skills like reading, writing, math, thinking, imagining and creating, we cannot know what knowledge or skills will be needed when Freddie or Janet grows up.

    The best single idea for reforming education

    Given this context, I believe that the single most important idea for reform in K-12 education concerns a change in goal. The goal needs to shift from one of making a system that teaches children a curriculum more efficiently to one of making the system more effective by inspiring lifelong learning in students, so that they are able to have full and productive lives in a rapidly shifting economy.

    Implications of accepting the shift in goal

    This is a shift from running the system for the sake of the system (“You study what we tell you to study, when we tell you, and how we tell you, and at a pace that we determine”) to a focus on the ultimate goal of learning (“Our goal is to inspire our students to become life-long learners with a love of education, so that they will be able to learn whatever they have to.”) All parties—teachers, administrators, unions, parents and students—need to embrace the new goal.
    Once we embrace this goal, we can see that that many things will have to change to accomplish it. We can also grasp that most of the thinking underlying current “reforms” of the system can be seen in their true light as schemes and devices that are actually making things worse.
    Some of the implications include:
    1.  The role of the teachers and parents: Education has to shift from imparting a static package of knowledge to a dynamic goal of enabling students to create knowledge and deploy skills to new situations, whatever they turn out to be. In this world, teaching by transfer of information doesn’t work well. Instead the role of teachers (and parents) becomes one of enabling and inspiring the students to learn, so as to spark their energies and talents.
    2.  The role of administrators: Administrators have to realize that managing the teachers through the control of a traditional hierarchy using carrots and sticks isn’t going to work any better than it does in industry. Unless teachers are themselves inspired, they are unlikely to inspire their students. The role of the administrator has to shift from being a controller to an enabler, so as to liberate the energies and talents of the teachers and remove impediments that are getting in the way of their work.
    3.  The role of tests: Instead of the teacher or the administrator being the judge of progress, there are explicit criteria where both the students and the teachers can understand themselves how they are doing (in real time) and thus learn how to improve.
    4.  Respecting Goodhart’s law: The current focus on testing has tended to make test results the goal of the system, rather than a measure. The change in goal means recognizing that a test is only measure. Using tests as the goal infringes Goodhart’s Law: when measure becomes the goal, it ceases to be an effective measure.
    5. The mode of accountability: Instead of measuring progress through top-down tests and bureaucracy, the education system must be linked dynamically to self-driven learning of the students themselves. Education must abandon accountability through the use of detailed plans, rules, processes and reports, which specify both the goal and the means of achieving that goal. Instead, what is needed is “dynamic linking”, which means that (a) the work is done in short cycles; (b) the teacher sets the goals of learning for the cycle. (c) decisions about how the learning is to take place is the responsibility of the students; (d) progress is measured in terms of the questions the students are able to generate, not merely answers that they are able to regurgitate; (e) students must be able to measure their own progress—they aren’t dependent on the teacher’s tests. (The ELLI assessment tool is a promising approach to achieving these measurement goals.)
    6. Communications shift from command to conversation: i.e. a shift from top-down communications (“the sage on the stage”) comprising predominantly hierarchical directives to horizontal conversations (“the guide on the side”) that helps the student discover new resources, solve problems and generate new insights.
    7.  An implementable agenda: Unlike many other ideas now being pursued in education, the shift in goal doesn’t require years of research or armies of consultants or vast funding. It doesn’t involve reinventing the wheel. Thousands of Montessori schools have been on this track for many years, with extraordinary results.
    8.  From outputs to outcomes: Implicit in the shift in goal is of course also an implicit shift from deliveringoutputs (numbers of students who pass a standardized test) to outcomes in terms of what students are able to do as a result of their education. At its heart, it’s a shift from a focus on things to a focus on people, and the true goal of education.
    Got a better idea? I would love to hear from you!

    Further readings in education
    In case you missed them, here are other articles expanding further on these themes:
    __________

    Steve Denning’s most recent book is: The Leader’s Guide to Radical Management (Jossey-Bass, 2010).
    Follow Steve Denning on Twitter @stevedenning
    Join the Zurich Gathering For C-Suite Leaders with Steve Denning Zurich Sep 12, 2011
    And join the Jossey-Bass webinar series, “Why Management Still Matters“: Sep 22-Oct 20, 2011: To register, go here use discount code JBMSD.