FROM CONFLICT TO COMPASSION: UNLEASHING OUR BETTER ANGELS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

 

FROM CONFLICT TO COMPASSION: UNLEASHING OUR BETTER ANGELS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

In a world where conflict and division seem to be the norm, it's easy to feel like our better angels have been killed off. But perhaps it's time to look for those angels, to search for the good in ourselves and in others.

The Cherokee tale of two wolves comes to mind. In this story, a grandfather tells his grandson that there are two wolves inside each of us, one representing anger, envy, and greed, and the other representing love, kindness, and compassion. The grandson asks which wolf will win the battle, and the grandfather replies, "The one you feed."

It's a powerful message that reminds us that we have a choice in how we treat others and how we react to the world around us. We can choose to feed the wolf of anger and division, or we can choose to feed the wolf of love and unity.

Unfortunately, it seems like many people are choosing to feed the wrong wolf these days. The war in the Holy Land is a prime example of this. Instead of working towards peace and understanding, both sides seem more interested in escalating the conflict and blaming each other for their problems.

But it's not just in the Holy Land where we see this kind of behavior. It's all around us, from political debates to social media arguments. People seem more interested in proving themselves right than in finding common ground with those who disagree.

So how do we find our better angels in a world that seems to be feeding the wrong wolf? It starts with each of us individually. We need to take responsibility for our own actions and attitudes, and work towards being kinder, more compassionate people.

We also need to be willing to listen to others, even if we don't agree with them. Too often we get caught up in our own opinions and refuse to consider other perspectives. But if we want to find common ground and work towards a better world, we need to be open to hearing different viewpoints.

Of course, it's not always easy to be kind and compassionate, especially when we're dealing with people who are angry or hostile towards us. But that's when it's most important to remember the Cherokee tale of two wolves. We can choose to feed the wolf of anger and hate, or we can choose to feed the wolf of love and understanding.

In the end, it all comes down to our choices. We can choose to be part of the problem or part of the solution. We can choose to feed the wrong wolf or look for our better angels. It's up to us.

So let's start looking for those angels, those parts of ourselves that are kind, compassionate, and understanding. Let's work towards building a better world, one small choice at a time. And let's remember that no matter how dark things may seem, there is always hope for a brighter future.

WHISTLING PAST THE GRAVEYARD OF THE HOLY LAND: MY TAKE ON THE CURRENT SITUATION

 

WHISTLING PAST THE GRAVEYARD OF THE HOLY LAND

MY TAKE ON THE CURRENT SITUATION

In recent years, I've been like a dog with a bone, focusing my attention on the defunding of public education and the creeping fascism in the United States. But lo and behold, a shocking and horrifying event has jolted me out of my tunnel vision: the violent attack by Hamas on the Jewish people. Now, as a pacifist, I reject violence of any kind as a political tool. Whether it's the daily violence in the occupied territories, in the gun culture here in the US or the violent wars and aggression around the world, it's all just a big mess.

We've witnessed the reactive failures of the "eye for an eye" policies as they are practiced across the globe. The knee-jerk reaction of the US to 9/11 led to colossal mistakes in Iraq and Afghanistan. And now, here we are again, jumping to defend the actions of the Israeli government. It seems we never learn from our mistakes or even bother to understand the underlying pressures that led to such events in the first place. 

Now, before you jump to conclusions, let me tell you something: my extended family includes both Jewish and Palestinian members. So you can imagine my concern for the situation in the Holy Land. It's a delicate dance between two sides, with each claiming righteousness and pointing fingers at the other. But let's not forget that there's always more than meets the eye.

Too often, we find the media taking sides and failing to present all the facts. They conveniently report only one version of the story that fits the political narrative supported by their ownership. Dissenting voices are quickly labeled as fascists, communists, apologists, or whatever slur fits the narrative du jour. It's like a game of "Whose Side Are You On?" where everyone is trying to outdo each other in their biased reporting.

So what's a concerned citizen to do in such a situation? Well, I've resorted to channel surfing and doing internet searches to hear an alternate view before accepting what I believe concerning any issue. It's like being a detective, gathering evidence from multiple sources and piecing together the puzzle of truth. And let me tell you, it's quite an enlightening exercise.

Now, I won't bore you with all the nitty-gritty details I've uncovered through my compare and contrast analysis of various sources. But I will give you a taste of what I've learned. So buckle up, because we're about to take a wild ride through the labyrinthine maze of Middle Eastern politics.

First and foremost, let's address the elephant in the room: violence. It's been said that violence begets violence, and boy, does it ever! The cycle of violence in the Middle East seems never-ending, like a bad sitcom that just won't get canceled. We keep whistling past the graveyard, repeating the same mistakes over and over again.

But here's the thing: there's always more to the story than what meets the eye. The media might want you to believe that it's a simple case of good versus evil, but reality is far more complex. The pressures and historical grievances that have led to this point are not easily dismissed or resolved with a catchy headline.

So what's the solution? Well, I wish I had a witty one-liner that could solve all the problems of the Middle East, but alas, I do not. What I can offer is a plea for understanding, empathy, and a willingness to listen to all sides of the story. It's time to break free from our echo chambers and engage in meaningful dialogue.

Now, I know this might sound like wishful thinking in a world where division and polarization reign supreme. But hey, a little optimism never hurt anyone, right? So let's put down our pitchforks and start whistling a different tune – one that promotes peace, understanding, and a genuine desire for change.

In conclusion, my dear readers, let us not be blind followers of any political narrative. Let us instead be curious seekers of truth, willing to challenge our own beliefs and explore alternative perspectives. Only then can we hope to break free from this never-ending cycle of violence and finally lay to rest the ghosts haunting the Holy Land.

Remember, it's not about taking sides; it's about finding common ground and working towards a future where peace and justice prevail. So let's put on our dancing shoes and waltz our way towards a brighter tomorrow. After all, it's much more fun than whistling past graveyards.

The World of Anti-Semitism: How Israel's Critics are Being Labeled Anti-Semitic

Imagine a world where the likes of Einstein, Arendt, and Primo Levi are labeled anti-Semitic. It sounds far-fetched, but it's happening today, and on a global scale. The label is being used by racists and anti-Semites to destroy their political opponents, usually left-wing anti-fascists and anti-racists. This is not a marginal or topical phenomenon. It is part of a real war machinery set up over the last 3-4 years by the political structures of the right, the extreme right and even of social democracy to wipe out their progressive present or future rivals.

The attacks are not just coming from people like Hungary's Prime Minister Viktor Orban, but from a host of distinguished racists and anti-Semites who, with the blessings of a variety of political establishments, use that label to destroy their political opponents. In all these cases, even the slightest criticism of Israel’s policies or the slightest support for the rights of the Palestinian people led to an all-out political and media attack on the ‘culprit’, getting close to a public lynching, accusing him of being anti-Semitic!

Several right-wing governments in the European Union have recently passed laws that forbid or criminalize any criticism of Israel's policies in the name of fighting anti-Semitism. The only criterion for the definition of modern anti-Semitism turns out to be the attitude towards Israel and its governments. This has led to a tragicomic situation where Netanyahu and his supporters honor as “partners of Israel” and “strategic allies” notorious racists and anti-Semites of the far-right while famous anti-racists and anti-fascists – many of whom are actually Jewish – are denounced as “anti-Semites”.

The warnings about the evil consequences of the ‘fascism’ and ‘terrorism’ of Begin and his party, contained in Einstein and Arendt’s open letter, remain extremely relevant 74 years after their publication. Begin’s successors in the Likud Party and in Israel are his flesh and blood, followers of his work, disciples of his teachers, and custodians of the same ideological, political but also organizational heritage. What they are doing today in Israel, the Middle East, and in the entire world is neither the product of improvisation nor an invention of the moment. These are political choices that obey and are governed by the “logic” of a particularly dangerous political current, that of the far-right Revisionism of the Zionist movement, that originated already a century ago.

The glorification of the most brutal violence or the deeply racist hatred for the Palestinians, nurtured by Israeli leaders over the last decades, is not something new. These lessons were first preached by organizations like Betar, Irgun, and Stern. The disreputable “fascists” and “terrorists” of 1948 have been converted into entirely presentable “friends” and allies today. Yesterday’s “fascists” and “terrorists” are today able to impose their authoritarian and undemocratic choices on the majority of western governments and countries!

In conclusion, we must remember Einstein's words when asked for his support by those who represented in the US the organizations that perpetrated the massacre at Deir Yassin: "I cannot participate in any way in endorsing such activities." The world needs more people like Einstein who are willing to stand up for what is right rather than succumbing to political pressure.

When Einstein called “fascists” those who rule Israel for the last 44 years… https://www.cadtm.org/When-Einstein-called-fascists-those-who-rule-Israel-for-the-last-44-years 

Yom Kippur in British Mandate Palestine and the Irgun - The Jerusalem Post https://www.jpost.com/judaism/jewish-holidays/yom-kippur-in-british-mandate-palestine-and-the-irgun-678981 

1948: N.Y. Times Publishes Letter by Einstein, Other Jews Accusing Menachem Begin of Fascism - Jewish World - Haaretz.com https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-12-04/ty-article/.premium/1948-n-y-times-letter-by-einstein-slams-begin/0000017f-e28e-d38f-a57f-e6de6e7d0000 

Letter to the New York Times:

New Palestine Party:

Visit of Menachem Begin and Aims of Political Movement Discussed

To the Editors of the New York Times:

Among the most disturbing political phenomena of our times is the emergence in the newly created state of Israel of the “Freedom Party” (Tnuat Haherut), a political party closely akin in its organization, methods, political philosophy and social appeal to the Nazi and Fascist parties. It was formed out of the membership and following of the former Irgun Zvai Leumi, a terrorist, right-wing, chauvinist organization in Palestine.

The current visit of Menachem Begin, leader of this party, to the United States is obviously calculated to give the impression of American support for his party in the coming Israeli elections, and to cement political ties with conservative Zionist elements in the United States. Several Americans of national repute have lent their names to welcome his visit. It is inconceivable that those who oppose fascism throughout the world, if correctly informed as to Mr. Begin’s political record and perspectives, could add their names and support to the movement he represents.

Before irreparable damage is done by way of financial contributions, public manifestations in Begin’s behalf, and the creation in Palestine of the impression that a large segment of America supports Fascist elements in Israel, the American public must be informed as to the record and objectives of Mr. Begin and his movement.

The public avowals of Begin’s party are no guide whatever to its actual character. Today they speak of freedom, democracy and anti-imperialism, whereas until recently they openly preached the doctrine of the Fascist state. It is in its actions that the terrorist party betrays its real character; from its past actions we can judge what it may be expected to do in the future.

Attack on Arab Village

A shocking example was their behavior in the Arab village of Deir Yassin. This village, off the main roads and surrounded by Jewish lands, had taken no part in the war, and had even fought off Arab bands who wanted to use the village as their base. On April 9 (THE NEW YORK TIMES), terrorist bands attacked this peaceful village, which was not a military objective in the fighting, killed most of its inhabitants 240 men, women, and children and kept a few of them alive to parade as captives through the streets of Jerusalem. Most of the Jewish community was horrified at the deed, and the Jewish Agency sent a telegram of apology to King Abdullah of Trans-Jordan. But the terrorists, far from being ashamed of their act, were proud of this massacre, publicized it widely, and invited all the foreign correspondents present in the country to view the heaped corpses and the general havoc at Deir Yassin.

The Deir Yassin incident exemplifies the character and actions of the Freedom Party.

Within the Jewish community they have preached an admixture of ultranationalism, religious mysticism, and racial superiority. Like other Fascist parties they have been used to break strikes, and have themselves pressed for the destruction of free trade unions. In their stead they have proposed corporate unions on the Italian Fascist model.

During the last years of sporadic anti-British violence, the IZL and Stern groups inaugurated a reign of terror in the Palestine Jewish community. Teachers were beaten up for speaking against them, adults were shot for not letting their children join them. By gangster methods, beatings, window-smashing, and wide-spread robberies, the terrorists intimidated the population and exacted a heavy tribute.

The people of the Freedom Party have had no part in the constructive achievements in Palestine. They have reclaimed no land, built no settlements, and only detracted from the Jewish defense activity. Their much-publicized immigration endeavors were minute, and devoted mainly to bringing in Fascist compatriots.

Discrepancies Seen

The discrepancies between the bold claims now being made by Begin and his party, and their record of past performance in Palestine bear the imprint of no ordinary political party. This is the unmistakable stamp of a Fascist party for whom terrorism (against Jews, Arabs, and British alike), and misrepresentation are means, and a “Leader State” is the goal.

In the light of the foregoing considerations, it is imperative that the truth about Mr. Begin and his movement be made known in this country. It is all the more tragic that the top leadership of American Zionism has refused to campaign against Begin’s efforts, or even to expose to its own constituents the dangers to Israel from support to Begin.

The undersigned therefore take this means of publicly presenting a few salient facts concerning Begin and his party; and of urging all concerned not to support this latest manifestation of fascism.

ISIDORE ABRAMOWITZ, HANNAH ARENDT, ABRAHAM BRICK, RABBI JESSURUN CARDOZO, ALBERT EINSTEIN, HERMAN EISEN, M.D., HAYIM FINEMAN, M. GALLEN, M.D., H.H. HARRIS, ZELIG S. HARRIS, SIDNEY HOOK, FRED KARUSH, BRURIA KAUFMAN, IRMA L. LINDHEIM, NACHMAN MAISEL, SEYMOUR MELMAN, MYER D. MENDELSON, M.D., HARRY M. OSLINSKY, SAMUEL PITLICK, FRITZ ROHRLICH, LOUIS P. ROCKER, RUTH SAGIS, ITZHAK SANKOWSKY, I.J. SHOENBERG, SAMUEL SHUMAN, M. SINGER, IRMA WOLFE, STEFAN WOLFE.

New York, Dec. 2, 1948

WHY DID WE MISS THE WAKEUP CALL ABOUT THE RIGHT WING VIOLENCE IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF PALESTINE

As tensions continue to rise in the Middle East, it seems that Israeli authorities are determined to push forward with their controversial settlement plans. The United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process has reported ongoing settlement activity by Israeli authorities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including the advancement of plans for 6,300 housing units in Area C and approximately 3,580 housing units in East Jerusalem. This news has been met with outrage from many in the international community, who see these settlements as a violation of international law.

But it's not just the settlements that are causing concern. Violent attacks by extremist Israeli settlers against Palestinian civilians have surged this year, with more than 100 incidents reported each month. This has resulted in the displacement of over 1,100 Palestinians in the occupied West Bank since 2022, a trend that many fear will only continue as Israel's far-right government pushes forward with its plans to double the number of settlers to one million.

Of course, Israel disputes that these settlements are illegal under international law, but most of the world disagrees. And while the Palestinian Authority governs in big Palestinian cities, Israel retains near exclusive control of 60% of the West Bank (known as Area C), presiding over law enforcement, planning and construction. An estimated 370,000 Palestinians live in Area C, which includes Burqa, and half a million Israeli citizens.

It's clear that something needs to be done to resolve this conflict and achieve peace in the region. But what can be done? Some have proposed enhancing efforts to resolve the conflict, while others have called for increased military presence and arrests. There are even those who argue that the rise in settler violence should be considered "nationalist terrorism", and that suspects should be held without charge using "administrative detention".

But let's not forget about the humanitarian situation in the region. The funding gap for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees is alarming, and the exodus of Palestinians from their homes and livelihoods is a cause for concern. The affected villages heavily rely on herding and agriculture, and the violence has led to the loss of grazing lands and financial hardships.

It's a complex situation, to be sure. But perhaps it's time for a new approach. Instead of focusing on military solutions or legal arguments, why not try something different? Maybe it's time for a little bit of humor.

After all, laughter is often said to be the best medicine. Maybe if we can find a way to laugh together, we can find a way to live together. So let's take a look at some of the more absurd aspects of this conflict.

For example, did you know that there is actually a dispute over who invented hummus? That's right, both Israel and Palestine claim to have invented this delicious chickpea dip. It's a bit like arguing over who invented pizza or sushi. It's silly, but it's also kind of funny.

And then there's the fact that both sides have their own national bird. Israel has the hoopoe, while Palestine has the Palestine sunbird. It's like a bizarre version of bird-watching.

Of course, these lighthearted examples don't solve anything. But maybe they can help us remember that we're all human beings, with shared joys and sorrows. Maybe they can help us see each other as people, instead of enemies.

In conclusion, the situation in the Middle East is complex and fraught with tension. But perhaps it's time for a new approach, one that focuses on finding common ground instead of emphasizing our differences. Maybe if we can find a way to laugh together, we can find a way to live together.

Surge in Israeli-Palestinian Violence Must be ‘Wake-up Call’ for Global Community to Redouble Efforts towards Achieving Peace, Delegate Tells Security Council | UN Press https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15368.doc.htm

Settlement Expansion in Occupied Palestinian Territory Violates International Law, Must Cease, Many Delegates Tell Security Council | UN Press https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15424.doc.htm 

UN reports says West Bank settler violence has displaced over 1,100 Palestinians since last year | PBS NewsHour https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/un-reports-says-west-bank-settler-violence-has-displaced-over-1100-palestinians-since-last-year 

Palestinian fears grow amid rising Israeli settler attacks - BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66620250 

Israeli forces say will clamp down on settler ‘terrorism’ | Israel-Palestine conflict News | Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/25/israeli-forces-say-will-clamp-down-on-settler-terrorism 

The Dynamics of Israeli Settler Terrorism and US Options https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-dynamics-of-israeli-settler-terrorism-and-us-options/#:~:text=In%20practice%2C%20this%20all%20amounts,about%20facing%20any%20legal%20consequences. 

THE DEFT DIVE

The history of the Likud party in Israel, based on the web search results I found:

• - The Likud party is a right-wing Israeli political party that was founded in 1973 by a coalition of parties, mainly Herut and the Liberal Party, that followed the ideology of Revisionist Zionism. Revisionist Zionism was a movement that advocated for a Jewish state on both sides of the Jordan River and opposed the partition of Palestine. Herut was led by Menachem Begin, a former leader of the Irgun, a militant Zionist group that fought against the British Mandate and the Arab states. The Liberal Party was led by Yosef Sapir, a former minister of finance and commerce. The coalition also included smaller parties such as the Free Center, the National List, and the Movement for Greater Israel¹³.
• - The Likud party first came to power in 1977, in what was known as the "upheaval" or the "revolution". It ended the dominance of the Labor Party, which had ruled Israel since its independence in 1948. Begin became the prime minister and formed a coalition with other right-wing and religious parties. He pursued a hard-line policy toward the Arab world, launching a controversial military operation in Lebanon in 1982 to destroy the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) bases there. He also signed a historic peace treaty with Egypt in 1979, after negotiating with President Anwar Sadat at Camp David under US President Jimmy Carter's mediation. The treaty returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt and established diplomatic relations between the two countries. However, it also alienated Israel from other Arab states and caused a rift within Likud¹³.
• - The Likud party lost power in 1984, after Begin resigned in 1983 following the death of his wife and the Lebanon War. His successor, Yitzhak Shamir, failed to win a majority in the election and had to form a national unity government with the Labor Party, led by Shimon Peres. The two parties alternated the premiership every two years, with Peres serving from 1984 to 1986 and Shamir from 1986 to 1988. The unity government faced economic and security challenges, such as inflation, unemployment, terrorism, and the first intifada (Palestinian uprising) in the occupied territories. It also initiated a secret dialogue with the PLO through intermediaries in Norway¹³.
• - The Likud party regained power in 1988, after winning more seats than Labor in the election. Shamir formed another coalition with right-wing and religious parties and continued to serve as prime minister until 1992. He opposed any territorial concessions to the Palestinians and rejected their right to self-determination. He also faced international pressure from the US administration of George H.W. Bush, which conditioned loan guarantees for absorbing Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union on freezing settlement construction in the West Bank and Gaza. He also participated in the Madrid Conference of 1991, which brought together Israel and its Arab neighbors for the first time to discuss peace prospects¹³.
• - The Likud party lost power again in 1992, after being defeated by Labor in the election. Labor's leader, Yitzhak Rabin, became the prime minister and embarked on a historic peace process with the Palestinians, known as the Oslo Accords. The accords were signed by Rabin and PLO leader Yasser Arafat in Washington DC in 1993, under US President Bill Clinton's sponsorship. They agreed to mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO and to establish a Palestinian Authority (PA) that would have limited self-rule in Gaza and parts of the West Bank. The accords also envisioned further negotiations on final status issues such as Jerusalem, refugees, borders, and security. However, they also faced fierce opposition from Likud and other right-wing groups, who accused Rabin of betraying Israel's security and sovereignty¹³.
• - The Likud party returned to power in 1996, after Rabin was assassinated by a Jewish extremist who opposed the Oslo Accords in 1995. Likud's leader, Benjamin Netanyahu, won a narrow victory over Peres in a direct election for prime minister. He formed a coalition with other right-wing and religious parties and adopted a more hawkish stance toward

Bing, 10/20/2023

• (1) Likud | Party, Policy, History, Members, Meaning, & Facts. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Likud.
• (2) Likud - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud.
• (3) . https://bing.com/search?q=israel+likud+party+history.
• (4) What is the Likud, Benjamin Netanyahu’s Party? - Israel Today. https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/what-is-the-likud-benjamin-netanyahus-party/.
• (5) undefined. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-and-overview-of-the-likud-party.
• (6) undefined. https://www.likud.org.il/en/about-the-likud/history-of-the-movement.
• (7) undefined. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/israels-political-parties/.

Benjamin Netanyahu's political history, based on the web search results I found:

Benjamin Netanyahu, also known by his nickname Bibi, is an Israeli politician who has been serving as the prime minister of Israel since December 2022, having previously held the office from 1996 to 1999 and again from 2009 to 2021. He is the chairman of the Likud party, a right-wing nationalist party that advocates for a strong Israel and opposes the creation of a Palestinian state. Netanyahu is the longest-tenured prime minister in the country's history, having served for a total of over 16 years. He was also the first prime minister to be born in Israel after its Declaration of Independence².

Netanyahu was born in Tel Aviv in 1949 to a Jewish family of Polish and Lithuanian origin. His father, Benzion Netanyahu, was a historian and a Zionist activist who supported the Revisionist movement led by Ze'ev Jabotinsky. His mother, Tzila Segal, was a teacher and a social worker. Netanyahu had two brothers, Yonatan and Iddo, both of whom became doctors. Yonatan was killed in 1976 during a commando raid to rescue Israeli hostages in Entebbe, Uganda¹.

Netanyahu grew up in Jerusalem and attended high school there. He also spent some time in the United States, where his father taught at various universities. He graduated from high school in 1967 and joined the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), where he served as a combat soldier and an officer in the elite Sayeret Matkal unit. He participated in several missions and battles during the War of Attrition and the Yom Kippur War. He was wounded twice and received several decorations for his bravery¹.

After his military service, Netanyahu studied architecture and business administration at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he earned a bachelor's degree and a master's degree. He also studied political science at Harvard University. During his studies, he became involved in pro-Israel advocacy and activism, especially after the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes by Palestinian terrorists¹.

In 1976, Netanyahu married his first wife, Miriam Weizmann, a fellow student at MIT. They had a daughter, Noa, but divorced in 1978. In 1981, he married his second wife, Fleur Cates, a British-born convert to Judaism. They divorced in 1988. In 1991, he married his third and current wife, Sara Ben-Artzi, a psychologist. They have two sons, Yair and Avner².

Netanyahu began his diplomatic career in 1982, when he was appointed as the deputy chief of mission at the Israeli embassy in Washington DC. He impressed the American officials and media with his fluent English and eloquent defense of Israel's policies. In 1984, he was appointed as Israel's ambassador to the United Nations (UN), where he confronted the anti-Israel resolutions and rhetoric of many countries. He also forged close ties with the US administration of Ronald Reagan¹.

He made his political debut in 1988, fighting and winning in the parliamentary (Knesset) elections on a ticket of the right-wing Likud party and being named the deputy foreign minister³. He became the party's chairman and the leader of the opposition in 1993⁴. The first sabra (native-born Israeli) to head Likud, he committed himself to upholding the dogmas of the nationalist right⁴.

He became Israel's youngest prime minister in 1996, after defeating Shimon Peres of the Labor Party by a narrow margin. He inherited the Oslo Accords, a peace process initiated by his predecessor Yitzhak Rabin that aimed to establish a Palestinian state alongside Israel. However, Netanyahu was skeptical of the accords and reluctant to implement them fully. He also faced security challenges from Palestinian terrorism and regional instability. He pursued a hard-line policy toward the Palestinians, expanding Jewish settlements in the occupied territories and demanding strict reciprocity for any concessions. He also sought to improve Israel's relations with other countries, especially Jordan and Turkey¹.

He lost the 1999 election to Ehud Barak of the Labor Party, who promised to revive the peace process with the Palestinians and withdraw from Lebanon. Netanyahu resigned from politics and worked as a consultant and a speaker for several years. He also wrote several books on terrorism, security, and leadership¹.

He returned to politics in 2002, when he was appointed as the foreign minister under Ariel Sharon's Likud-led government. He supported Sharon's policy of fighting terrorism and isolating Yasser Arafat's Palestinian Authority (PA). However, he opposed Sharon's plan to unilaterally withdraw from Gaza and dismantle all Jewish settlements there in 2005. He resigned from his post in protest against the plan¹.

He became the leader of the opposition again in 2006, after Sharon left Likud and formed a new centrist party, Kadima. He criticized the government of Ehud Olmert, who succeeded Sharon after he suffered a stroke, for its handling of the 2006 Lebanon War and the corruption scandals that plagued it. He also opposed the Annapolis Conference of 2007, which aimed to restart the peace talks with the Palestinians¹.

He became the prime minister for the second time in 2009, after leading Likud to a near-tie with Kadima in the election. He formed a coalition government with other right-wing and religious parties and was sworn in as prime minister in March 2009. He faced a more hostile US administration under Barack Obama, who pressured him to freeze settlement construction and resume negotiations with the Palestinians. He also faced a more assertive Iran, which pursued its nuclear program and supported Israel's enemies in the region. He adopted a cautious and pragmatic approach toward the peace process, endorsing the two-state solution in principle but insisting on strict security guarantees and recognition of Israel as a Jewish state. He also launched several military operations against Hamas in Gaza, such as Operation Cast Lead in 2008-2009, Operation Pillar of Defense in 2012, and Operation Protective Edge in 2014¹.

He won the 2013 election by a slim margin, forming another coalition government with centrist and religious parties. He continued to face challenges from Iran's nuclear ambitions, Hamas's rocket attacks, and the international isolation of Israel due to its settlement policy. He also clashed with Obama over the Iran nuclear deal of 2015, which he vehemently opposed and tried to sabotage. He delivered a controversial speech to the US Congress in March 2015, warning against the deal and urging the lawmakers to reject it¹.

He won the 2015 election by a wider margin, forming a more right-wing coalition government with nationalist and religious parties. He faced a wave of violence from Palestinian lone-wolf attackers in 2015-2016, which he blamed on incitement by the PA and radical Islamists. He also faced growing criticism from within his own party and coalition over his handling of the security situation and his corruption allegations. He also faced a more friendly US administration under Donald Trump, who recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and moved the US embassy there from Tel Aviv in 2017-2018¹.

He lost the 2019 election to Benny Gantz of the Blue and White party, a centrist alliance that challenged Netanyahu's long rule. However, Gantz failed to form a coalition government due to disagreements among his potential partners. A second election was held in September 2019, which resulted in another deadlock between Netanyahu and Gantz. A third election was held in March 2020, which gave Netanyahu a slight edge over Gantz but still not enough to form a majority government. In April 2020, after weeks of negotiations, Netanyahu and Gantz agreed to form a unity government that would rotate the premiership between them. Netanyahu would serve as prime minister for the first 18 months, followed by Gantz for the next 18 months¹.

However, the unity government was short-lived and dysfunctional, as Netanyahu and Gantz clashed over various issues such as the budget, the coronavirus pandemic response, and the annexation of parts of the West Bank. In December 2020, the government collapsed after failing to pass a budget bill, triggering a fourth election in March 2021¹.

Netanyahu faced his toughest challenge yet in the 2021 election, as he faced not only his usual rivals from the center-left but also former allies from the right who broke away from him over his corruption charges and his handling of the pandemic. He also faced an unprecedented trial on charges of bribery, fraud, and breach of trust in three separate cases involving favors to media tycoons and wealthy businessmen in exchange for positive coverage or gifts¹.

Despite these challenges, Netanyahu managed to secure more seats than any other party in the election, but still fell short of a majority. He tried to form a coalition government with his right-wing and religious partners, but failed to secure their support due to their differences over issues such as judicial reform, religious affairs.

Bing, 10/20/2023

• (1) Benjamin Netanyahu - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu.
• (2) Benjamin Netanyahu | Biography, Education, Party, Nickname, & Facts. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benjamin-Netanyahu.
• (3) Benjamin Netanyahu: The Rise And Rise Of The 'King' - NDTV.com. https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/benjamin-netanyahu-the-rise-and-rise-of-the-king-4478957.
• (4) Benjamin Netanyahu | Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/israeli-history-biographies/benjamin-netanyahu.
• (5) Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/prime-minister-of-israel-benjamin-netanyahu-gives-thanks-to-news-photo/1041875640.

THE NAKBA 2.0

**The Nakba**

The Nakba, meaning "catastrophe" in Arabic, refers to the displacement of over 700,000 Palestinians from their homes in the wake of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The war resulted in the establishment of the State of Israel on land that had been part of the British Mandate of Palestine.

The events of the Nakba are deeply contested. Israeli historians tend to focus on the Arab attacks on the newly-formed state, while Palestinian historians emphasize the displacement and dispossession of their people.

**The lead-up to the Nakba**

The roots of the Nakba can be traced back to the early 20th century, when the Zionist movement began to advocate for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The movement gained momentum after World War I, when the British government issued the Balfour Declaration, which expressed support for the creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine.

In the years leading up to the 1948 war, there was growing tension between the Jewish and Arab communities in Palestine. This tension was fueled by a number of factors, including:

• * The increasing number of Jewish immigrants arriving in Palestine
• * The Arab fear of Jewish domination
• * The British government's failure to effectively manage the conflict

**The 1948 war and the Nakba**

The 1948 Arab-Israeli War began on May 15, 1948, the day after the State of Israel was declared. The war lasted for eight months and involved fighting between Israel and the Arab states of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq.

In the months leading up to the war, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians had fled their homes, fearing violence from both sides. The war itself led to further displacement, as Israeli forces occupied Arab towns and villages.

By the end of the war, over 700,000 Palestinians had been displaced from their homes. The majority of these refugees fled to neighboring Arab countries, where they remain to this day.

**The legacy of the Nakba**

The Nakba is a defining event in Palestinian history. It is a source of deep pain and anger for many Palestinians, who see it as a symbol of their dispossession and exile.

The Nakba is also a major obstacle to peace between Israelis and Palestinians. The Palestinian demand for a right of return for refugees is one of the most sensitive issues in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

**The ongoing Nakba**

Some Palestinians argue that the Nakba is not just a historical event, but an ongoing process. They point to the continued displacement of Palestinians from their homes in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem.

The Israeli government has been accused of carrying out policies that are designed to make it difficult for Palestinians to remain in their homes. These policies include:

• * The demolition of Palestinian homes
• * The revocation of Palestinian residency permits
• * The expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank

The Israeli government denies that it is carrying out a policy of dispossession. However, the UN has stated that Israeli policies in the West Bank are "tantamount to forcible transfer."

The Nakba is a complex and emotive issue. It is a source of deep pain and anger for both Israelis and Palestinians. The legacy of the Nakba will continue to shape the Israeli-Palestinian conflict for many years to come.

Photos: UNRWA camp in Gaza stirs painful memories of the Nakba | Israel-Palestine conflict News | Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/20/photos-unrwa-camp-in-gaza-stirs-painful-memories-of-the-nakba 

**Jewish paramilitary organizations**

Jewish paramilitary organizations have played a significant role in the history of Zionism and the State of Israel. These organizations were formed to protect Jewish communities from attacks and to promote the establishment of a Jewish state.

**Haganah**

The Haganah was the largest and most important Jewish paramilitary organization in Palestine. It was founded in 1920 and was initially responsible for defending Jewish settlements from Arab attacks. The Haganah played a major role in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and it formed the basis for the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF).

**Irgun**

The Irgun was a more militant Jewish paramilitary organization that was founded in 1931. The Irgun carried out a number of attacks against British forces and Arab civilians. The Irgun's most famous attack was the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem in 1946, which killed 91 people.

**Lehi**

Lehi, also known as the Stern Gang, was the most radical Jewish paramilitary organization. Lehi was founded in 1940 and carried out a number of assassinations and bombings against British and Arab targets. Lehi's most famous attack was the assassination of British diplomat Lord Moyne in Cairo in 1944.

**Impact of Jewish paramilitary organizations**

Jewish paramilitary organizations played a significant role in the establishment of the State of Israel. These organizations provided protection for Jewish communities and helped to deter Arab attacks. They also carried out operations that were designed to promote the establishment of a Jewish state.

The activities of Jewish paramilitary organizations have been controversial. Some argue that these organizations were necessary to protect Jewish communities and to achieve the goal of establishing a Jewish state. Others argue that these organizations carried out acts of terrorism that were harmful to both Jews and Arabs.

The legacy of Jewish paramilitary organizations is still debated today. However, there is no doubt that these organizations played a major role in the history of Zionism and the State of Israel.

THE NEXT 100 YEARS OF HATE STARTED THIS WEEK IN THE UNHOLY LAND

THE NEXT 100 YEARS OF HATE STARTED THIS WEEK IN THE UNHOLY LAND

Well, well, well, looks like President Biden is calling for Israel to follow the rules of war. But hey, why stop there? Let's throw in the rule of law too, shall we? Because let's face it, this endless war is just another outbreak of violence that's been going on for far too long. It's like a never-ending cycle of dying, death, and destruction that's just guaranteed to last another hundred years. 

As for me, I feel the pain of my Jewish friends and their families, just as I feel the pain of my extended family in Palestine. But let's be real, none of us really understand the brutality of war and all its consequences. Violence is never the answer, folks. We should all strive for peace, justice, and truth instead. 

So here's my two cents: let's just let everyone go home in peace. Sounds simple enough, right? Peace, love, and truth for all!

FROM THE BIG EDUCATION APE Peace Love and Truth someday for US ALL!

mike simpson 

ps below you will find my primal rant for peace 

Big Education Ape: WAR!!! WHAT IS IT GOOD FOR ABSOLUTELY NOTHING https://bigeducationape.blogspot.com/2023/10/war-what-is-it-good-for-absolutely.html 

This week, oh what a delightful week it has been! We all gathered 'round our screens to witness the mesmerizing spectacle of hate in the so-called holy land. Ah, yes, because nothing screams holiness like an abundance of death and destruction, animosity and loathing.

But let's not forget, my dear readers, that hate is not the only star of this show. No, no, there's also war! A splendid performance of death, suffering, and destruction. It's like a theater production where the actors wield guns instead of scripts. Bravo!

Carl von Clausewitz, that wise old chap, once proclaimed that war is simply politics with a dash of violence. How quaint! Who needs civil discourse and rational thinking when you can just hate your fellow human beings? Why bother with peace and love when you can have the thrill of war and the beauty of annihilation?

Oh, but fear not, for peace shall come to us one day. We must replace hate with hope and love for all people. But alas, my friends, not this week, not in Gaza, not in Israel, not in the ever-turbulent Middle East.

So let us raise our glasses to this week's grand performance of hate and war. May it inspire us to seek a future where wit triumphs over weapons, where laughter conquers loathing, and where peace finally takes center stage.

Cheers to a world filled with witty banter instead of bullets!

What Is Terrorism? | World101 https://world101.cfr.org/global-era-issues/terrorism/what-terrorism 

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Timeline | World101 https://world101.cfr.org/understanding-international-system/conflict/israeli-palestinian-conflict-timeline 

Who Counts As a Terrorist? | World101 https://world101.cfr.org/global-era-issues/terrorism/who-counts-terrorist 

Terrorism, terrorism, terrorism. It's all we seem to hear about these days. But who are the real terrorists? Are you a terrorist? Am I a terrorist? The answer is no, of course not. Unless you're part of Hamas or the Israeli government, then maybe you should take a long, hard look in the mirror.

Let's start with Hamas. They're the ones who kicked off this week's terrorism party. But let's not forget that they were brought to this point by the actions of others. Are they just freedom fighters? Maybe. But so were the irgun and livi movements of mandated Palestine. And let's not forget the Deir Yassin massacre of 1948, which killed over 100 Palestinian villagers in a joint operation with Lehi, another Zionist militia. That was just Jewish freedom fighting, right?

But terrorism isn't limited to just Jewish and Palestinian people. What about American terrorism? From Wounded Knee to My Lai and Iraq, the US has a long and storied history of using violence and intimidation to achieve political aims.

So what exactly is terrorism? It's the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. It's a complex phenomenon with no single definition that is universally accepted. But some key elements include the use of violence or threat of violence, targeting civilians, pursuit of political aims, and intention to cause fear or terror.

Terrorism can be carried out by individuals, groups, or even states. It can be motivated by ideology, religion, nationalism, revenge, or a desire for attention.

But let's not forget about the displacement of Palestinians in occupied territories or the arrest and holding of over 5500 Palestinians. These actions may not fit the traditional definition of terrorism, but they certainly cause fear and terror for those involved.

In conclusion, terrorism is a complex and challenging issue. But by understanding its motivations and various forms, we can better combat it. And maybe, just maybe, we can all stop pointing fingers and take responsibility for our own actions.

But here's the thing: terrorism is not the answer. It only leads to more violence and more suffering. Instead of resorting to terrorism, let's try something radical: let's talk to each other. Let's listen to each other's perspectives and try to find common ground.

It won't be easy, but it's better than the alternative. So let's put down our weapons and pick up our words. Who knows, we might just be able to achieve peace after all.

Israel-Palestine: How social media was used and abused

Tech giants come under spotlight over censorship, disinformation and manipulation concerns

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been a hot topic for centuries, but in recent days, it has become even more heated with the spread of misinformation on social media. As we all know, social media can be a double-edged sword, providing a platform for unfiltered documentation of events while also amplifying messages of hate and propaganda. In this article, we will delve into the ways in which digital communication platforms were misused and mishandled during the recent violence in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories.

First and foremost, let's talk about Palestinian censorship. Many have accused tech giants of censoring Palestinian content, preventing their voices from being heard. But let's be real here, if you're going to accuse someone of censorship, make sure you're not doing it yourself. Hamas, the ruling party in Gaza, has been known to censor and silence their own people. They have shut down social media accounts of those who speak out against them and have even arrested journalists for reporting on their wrongdoings.

On the other hand, we have Israeli propaganda. The Israeli army's Twitter account has been used as a propaganda tool during the ongoing conflict in Gaza. They have tweeted videos inviting viewers to imagine themselves as the Israeli armed forces responding to rocket fire from Gaza, portraying themselves as the victim rather than the aggressor. But let's not forget that Israel is the one with the military might and the one occupying Palestinian territories. It's like a bully claiming to be the victim after punching someone in the face.

Next up, we have incitement of violence. Both sides have been guilty of this. Hamas has been known to incite violence against Israelis, while Israeli settlers have been known to incite violence against Palestinians. But let's not forget that violence begets violence. It's a never-ending cycle that only leads to more pain and suffering for both sides.

Now, let's talk about the spread of disinformation. There have been several false and misleading claims circulating online during the conflict. For example, a video of supposed Hamas missiles that was actually from Israel. Or fake tweets from the Israeli Defense Forces. It's important to fact-check before sharing anything online. Don't be part of the problem, be part of the solution.

Last but not least, we have state-backed troll armies. Both sides have been accused of using troll armies to spread their message and silence opposing views. But let's not forget that these troll armies are made up of real people with real lives. They are not just mindless robots spewing hate online. We need to address the root cause of the conflict and work towards a peaceful solution.

In conclusion, social media has played a significant role in the recent violence in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. While it has provided a space for direct, unfiltered documentation of events and messages of solidarity, it has also been misused and mishandled in several ways. We need to hold tech giants accountable for allowing disinformation and manipulation on their platforms while also taking responsibility for our own actions online. Let's work towards a peaceful solution and not let hate and propaganda win.

Israeli-Palestinian conflict: False and misleading claims fact-checked - BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/57111293 

Israel-Palestine: How social media was used and abused | Middle East Eye https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-social-media-used-abused-disinformation-manipulation-censorship 

From the Twitter trenches: The Israeli army’s propaganda war | Gaza | Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/5/23/from-the-twitter-trenches-the-israeli-armys-propaganda-war 

Who is This God That Blames the Victims of Zionism and Manifest Destiny?

Well, dear reader, it seems that this "God" is none other than the ideologies of Zionism and Manifest Destiny themselves. These two secular principles have been used to justify the displacement, oppression, and violence against indigenous peoples in their respective lands.

Let's start with Zionism. This nationalist movement seeks to establish a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel, also known as Palestine. While some Zionists believe that this is a fulfillment of biblical prophecies, others see it as necessary for Jewish self-determination. But at what cost? The establishment of Israel in 1948 led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians from their homes. And since then, the Israeli government has continued to displace Palestinians through policies of land confiscation, home demolition, and settlement construction. This has created a system of apartheid in the West Bank, where Palestinians live under Israeli military occupation.

But wait, there's more! The Israeli military has been accused of committing a number of human rights abuses against Palestinians, including extrajudicial killings, torture, and arbitrary detention. So much for the "chosen people" treating their neighbors with kindness and compassion.

Now let's turn to Manifest Destiny. This American ideology held that the United States was destined to expand its territory across the North American continent. While some Americans justified their expansionist goals by citing religious texts, others simply believed that it was the natural right of the United States to expand its territory. But at what cost? The expansion of the United States across the continent led to the displacement and genocide of millions of Native Americans. They were forced from their traditional homelands and onto reservations, where they were subjected to poverty and discrimination.

And let's not forget about the policies designed to assimilate Native Americans into white society. Forced schooling and the banning of Native American languages and cultures were used to erase their identities and traditions. How very enlightened and superior of the United States to impose its values on others.

So who is this God that blames the victims of Zionism and Manifest Destiny? It seems that it is the very ideologies themselves that perpetuate injustice and suffering. But don't take my word for it. There are many people who oppose Zionism and Manifest Destiny, believing that these ideologies are unjust and have caused great harm to indigenous peoples.

In conclusion, let us not worship at the altar of nationalism and imperialism. Let us instead strive for justice, equality, and respect for all people and their cultures. And let us never forget the victims of Zionism and Manifest Destiny, who have suffered at the hands of these misguided ideologies.

The Tangled History of American and Israeli Exceptionalism | The Nation https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/amy-kaplan-our-american-israel-book-review/ 

ETHNIC CLEANSING OF PALESTINE

THE ETHNIC CLEANSING OF THE UNITED STATES 

ETHNIC CLEANSING AND THE MANIFEST DESTINY OF ZIONISM 

The Nakba, 75 years ago, was a catastrophe that saw Zionist militias drive 750,000 Palestinians from their homes in what many describe as ethnic cleansing. And yet, despite the passage of time, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict continues to rage on, with forced evictions and near-daily killings of Palestinians by what many see as an apartheid state. So, what is the legacy of ethnic cleansing left by Zionism in the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict? And is there any hope for a peaceful resolution?

Let's start with the establishment of Jewish settlements in occupied territories. These settlements are illegal under international law, yet Israel continues to build them. It's like a game of whack-a-mole - every time one settlement is dismantled, another pops up somewhere else. It's almost as if Israel is trying to provoke the Palestinians into a violent response so that they can justify their own brutal tactics.

And speaking of brutal tactics, let's talk about the mistreatment of Palestinian citizens within Israel. Despite being citizens, they are treated as second-class citizens and subjected to discrimination and harassment on a daily basis. It's like living in a dystopian nightmare where your very existence is a crime.

But perhaps the most egregious aspect of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the refusal of Israel to accept the principle of the right of return for Palestinian refugees and their descendants. This is at the heart of the breakdown of the Middle East talks and is a clear violation of international law. It's as if Israel is saying "we stole your land fair and square, now get over it."

Of the Palestinian population who live abroad, known as the Palestinian diaspora, more than half are stateless, lacking legal citizenship in any country.

• Jordan 3,240,000.
• Israel 1,650,000.
• Syria 630,000.
• Chile 500,000 (largest Palestinian community outside the Middle East).
• Lebanon 402,582.
• Saudi Arabia 280,245.
• Egypt 270,245.
• United States 255,000 (the largest concentrations in Chicago, Detroit and Los Angeles)

So, what is the solution? Some argue for a two-state solution, but that ship has sailed. Israel has already captured 78 percent of Palestine, leaving only the occupied West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Others argue for a one-state solution, but that would require Israel to accept the right of return for Palestinian refugees, which they have shown no willingness to do.

No, the only solution is the creation of a United Socialist States of the Middle East. This would involve the dismantling of all Jewish settlements in occupied territories, the recognition of the right of return for Palestinian refugees, and the establishment of a democratic, secular state where all citizens are treated equally regardless of religion or ethnicity.

Of course, this solution is unlikely to be embraced by Israel or its allies anytime soon. But as long as the Nakba continues with forced evictions and near-daily killings of Palestinians, we cannot afford to give up hope for a better future. We must continue to speak out against oppression and dispossession, and work towards a world where all people are treated with dignity and respect. Only then can we truly say that we have learned the lessons of history and are working towards a brighter tomorrow.

Zionism’s ethnic cleansing has been accomplished through the sword and the gavel – Mondoweiss https://mondoweiss.net/2023/08/zionisms-ethnic-cleansing-has-been-accomplished-through-the-sword-and-the-gavel/

Zionism's legacy of ethnic cleansing Part 1—Israel and the Palestinian right of return https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2001/01/pal1-j22.html

Zionism's legacy of ethnic cleansing Part 2—Israeli expansion creates more Palestinian refugees https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2001/01/pal2-j23.html 

Ethnic cleansing in Palestine | Israel-Palestine conflict | Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/5/15/ethnic-cleansing-by-zionists-in-palestine

The Nakba did not start or end in 1948 Key facts and figures on the ethnic cleansing of Palestine. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/5/23/the-nakba-did-not-start-or-end-in-1948   

APARTHEID: SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID, US JIM CROW AND THE TREATMENT OF PALESTINIANS 

When it comes to systems of racial oppression, South African apartheid and US Jim Crow are often the first to come to mind. But what about Israel's treatment of Palestinians? Are they distant cousins in the family tree of discrimination? Let's take a closer look.

First, let's define our terms. Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the white minority government in South Africa. Jim Crow was a series of state and local laws in the United States that enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Both systems were characterized by the denial of basic rights to a marginalized group and the use of violence and oppression to maintain control.

Now, let's turn our attention to Israel's treatment of Palestinians. While there are some key differences between apartheid and the treatment of Palestinians, there are also some striking similarities. Palestinians are denied Israeli citizenship and are restricted in their movement and access to resources. They are also subjected to violence and harassment by Israeli settlers and security forces. Sound familiar?

One of the most notable parallels between apartheid and the treatment of Palestinians is the use of separate laws and regulations for different racial groups. Under apartheid, black South Africans were subject to a different set of laws than white South Africans. In Israel, Palestinians are also subject to a different set of laws than Israeli citizens.

Another parallel is the use of physical barriers to separate racial groups. Under apartheid, the South African government built a network of pass laws and checkpoints to control the movement of black South Africans. In Israel, the Israeli government has built a wall and fence that separates the West Bank from Israel. This barrier has been criticized for restricting the movement of Palestinians and making it difficult for them to access essential services.

Of course, there are also some key differences between apartheid and the treatment of Palestinians. Apartheid was a system of white minority rule, while Palestinians make up a majority of the population in the occupied territories. Additionally, apartheid was more explicit and institutionalized than the treatment of Palestinians, which is characterized by policies and practices that have the effect of segregating Palestinians from Israeli citizens.

But let's not forget about Jim Crow. There are also some striking similarities between Jim Crow and apartheid. Both systems were based on the belief in the superiority of one race over another, both involved segregation in public places, and both denied basic rights to a minority group.

Of course, there were also some key differences between Jim Crow and apartheid. Jim Crow was a system of white majority rule, while apartheid was a system of white minority rule. Additionally, Jim Crow was dismantled through the civil rights movement and federal legislation, while apartheid was dismantled through international pressure and internal resistance.

So what can we learn from all this? First and foremost, we must recognize that systems of racial oppression take many forms and can be found all over the world. We must also recognize that these systems have a profound and lasting impact on society and must be dismantled through collective action.

But let's not end on a somber note. Instead, let's take a moment to appreciate the irony that South African apartheid, US Jim Crow, and Israeli treatment of Palestinians are all distant cousins in the family tree of discrimination. Who knew racism could be so familial?

'Apartheid and Jim Crow are really no different': Why George Floyd's death reverberated in Africa https://abcnews.go.com/International/apartheid-jim-crow-george-floyds-death-reverberated-africa/story?id=71556630 

South Africa And Its Apartheid History Compared to Jim Crow In the US | Johnny Africa https://johnnyafrica.com/apartheid-south-africa-vs-jim-crow/ 

Comparative Racial Regimes: Jim Crow in the United States, Apartheid in South Africa, and the German Nazi Regime | The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition https://glc.yale.edu/comparative-racial-regimes-jim-crow-united-states-apartheid-south-africa-and-german-nazi-regime 

HAMAS AND OPERATION AL-AQSA FLOOD: A VIEW FROM AL JAZEERA

The recent conflict between Hamas and Israel has once again brought the Palestinian group into the international spotlight. While Western media has been quick to present the Israeli side of the story, the Palestinian perspective has been largely ignored. But who exactly is Hamas, and what motivates their actions?

Hamas, or the Islamic Resistance Movement, was founded in 1987 with the aim of liberating historic Palestine through military means. Unlike the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Hamas does not recognize Israel's statehood but accepts a Palestinian state on 1967 borders. The group has pursued its aims through attacks on Israeli soldiers, settlers, and civilians in both Palestine and Israel.

Of course, Hamas is designated as a "terrorist" organization by Israel, the United States, European Union, Canada, Egypt, and Japan. But is this label fair? While there is never a reason for violence or terrorism, we must also consider the terrorism of the cruel moves by the Netanyahu fascist right-wing coalition government.

The recent attack on Israel, known as Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, was not surprising or unprovoked. The Palestinian people have been facing Israeli settler colonial rule and occupation for decades, and international law allows them to use armed struggle to fight for independence and liberation. Furthermore, the dire conditions in Gaza, such as the long-standing blockade, high unemployment rates, food insecurity, limited access to water and electricity, and inadequate medical facilities have only added fuel to the fire.

It's important to note that Hamas insists that it is attacking only settlers living in illegal settlements. However, rights groups such as Amnesty International have pointed out that Israeli civilians have been killed by Hamas. The group's fighters took several Israelis captive in the enclave and sent paragliders flying into Israel, according to reports.

But let's not forget about the 5,200 Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails, including 170 children and 33 women. The United Nations has estimated that Israel has arrested around one million Palestinians since 1967, with one in every five Palestinians having been arrested and charged under military orders. Addameer, a Palestinian prisoner rights group, has described the Israeli prison system as "designed to liquidate and kill." 

Israel has 19 prisons holding Palestinian prisoners within Israel and one inside the occupied West Bank. Administrative detention allows authorities to hold suspects without charges or trial, with 1,264 Palestinian administrative detainees currently held. Since the outbreak of the second Intifada in 2000, more than 12,000 Palestinian children have been detained by Israeli forces.

So what can we conclude from all of this? The recent conflict between Hamas and Israel is not just a simple case of "terrorism" versus "democracy." It's a complex issue that involves decades of oppression and violence towards the Palestinian people. While there is never an excuse for violence or terrorism, we must also consider the root causes of these actions. As long as Israel continues its occupation and oppression of Palestine, there will always be groups like Hamas that seek to resist through armed struggle.

In conclusion, it's time for the international community to take a closer look at the Palestinian perspective and recognize the injustices that they face on a daily basis. Only then can we hope for a peaceful resolution to this ongoing conflict.

What is Hamas? A simple guide to the armed Palestinian group | Israel-Palestine conflict News | Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/what-is-the-group-hamas-a-simple-guide-tothe-palestinian-group 

There is nothing surprising about Hamas’s operation | Gaza | Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/8/there-is-nothing-surprising-about-hamass-operation

Why are so many Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails? | Israel-Palestine conflict News | Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/why-are-so-many-palestinian-prisoners-in-israeli-jails 

Israel-Hamas war live: Israel declares ‘state of war’ as battles rage | Israel-Palestine conflict News | Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/8/israel-palestine-escalation-live-israeli-forces-bombard-gaza 

HAMAS ATTACKS ISRAEL BUT WAR, APARTHEID OR OCCUPATION IS NOT THE ANSWER 

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been going on for so long that it feels like it's been going on since the dawn of time. But the truth is, it's a relatively modern conflict that has its roots in the early 20th century. And yet, despite all the wars, uprisings, peace efforts, and cycles of violence, there seems to be no end in sight. So, what's the solution?

Well, let me tell you, war is definitely not the answer. It never has been and it never will be. But neither is apartheid or occupation. The truth is, both sides have suffered greatly in this conflict. The Jewish people have faced threats and attacks from neighboring Arab states and Palestinian militants, while the Palestinian people have been displaced from their homes and lands by Israeli forces and settlers, and live under Israeli occupation or blockade in the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.

So, what can we do to help? Well, for starters, we can stand with the Jewish people in this violent attack by Hamas. No one deserves to live in fear of rocket attacks and terrorist acts. But we can also stand with the Palestinian people when they are attacked by the fascist of the Israeli government. It's important to remember that not all Israelis support the occupation and not all Palestinians support Hamas.

The conflict has been marked by several key events and developments over the years. From the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948 to the recent attacks by Hamas, it's clear that this conflict is far from over. But there have been moments of hope, such as when Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visited Jerusalem and met with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in a historic gesture of peace.

And let's not forget about the Oslo Accords, which were signed by PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin under US President Bill Clinton's sponsorship. They agreed to mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO, and gave the Palestinians limited self-rule in Gaza and Jericho.

But unfortunately, these moments of hope have been overshadowed by violence and extremism on both sides. Hamas, an Islamist militant group that rejects the Oslo Accords, has carried out a series of suicide bombings in Israel, killing dozens of civilians. And Israel has launched several military offensives in Gaza to stop rocket fire from Hamas, resulting in the deaths of many innocent Palestinians.

So, what's the solution? Well, it's not an easy one. But it starts with recognizing that both sides have legitimate grievances and aspirations. It starts with acknowledging that neither side is going to disappear or be defeated. It starts with realizing that peace can only be achieved through dialogue, compromise, and respect for human rights.

As outsiders looking in, we can do our part by supporting organizations and initiatives that promote peace, coexistence, and reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians. We can educate ourselves and others about the history and complexities of the conflict. We can engage in constructive dialogue with people from both sides of the divide.

In conclusion, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a complex and tragic issue that requires a nuanced approach. War is never the answer, but neither is apartheid or occupation. We must stand with both the Jewish and Palestinian people in their struggle for security, dignity, and justice. And we must work towards a future where Israelis and Palestinians can live side by side in peace and prosperity.

History of Israeli and Palestinian conflict and the latest conflict in Gaza in maps https://www.usatoday.com/story/graphics/2023/10/07/history-of-israel-and-palestine-conflict-and-the-latest-hamas-attacks-war-in-gaza-in-maps/71098600007/ 

Turkey Ready to Help De-Escalate Israeli-Palestinian Conflict https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2023-10-07/turkey-ready-to-help-de-escalate-israeli-palestinian-conflict 

Israeli-Palestinian conflict updates: Huge death tolls reported as US pledges support for Israel https://www.tag24.com/world/israeli-palestinian-conflict-updates-huge-death-tolls-reported-as-us-pledges-support-for-israel-2975907 

Israeli opposition offers joint government amid conflict in Gaza | The Hill https://thehill.com/policy/international/4243579-israeli-opposition-offers-joint-government-amid-conflict-in-gaza/#:~:text=The%20opposition%20party%20in%20the,attacks%20from%20Gaza%20on%20Saturday. 

Israel ‘at war’ as Hamas launches unprecedented attack from Gaza | Arab News https://www.arabnews.com/node/2386836/middle-east 

Israel-Palestine escalation live: Gaza under bombardment after Hamas attack | Israel-Palestine conflict News | Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza 

THE DEFT DIVE

FROM BARD AI

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a complex and long-standing conflict with roots dating back centuries. It is a conflict over land, religion, and identity, and it has been the source of much violence and suffering.

**Early History**

The region of Palestine has been inhabited by humans for thousands of years. It is a holy land to Jews, Christians, and Muslims, and it has been a site of pilgrimage and conflict for centuries.

In the late 19th century, the Zionist movement emerged, advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The Zionist movement was motivated by a number of factors, including the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe and the desire of many Jews to return to their ancestral homeland.

**British Mandate**

After World War I, the Ottoman Empire was dissolved and Palestine became a British Mandate. The British Mandate was tasked with preparing Palestine for self-determination, but it was also tasked with facilitating Jewish immigration to Palestine.

During the British Mandate, tensions between Jews and Arabs grew. Jews immigrated to Palestine in large numbers, and they began to purchase land from Arab landowners. This led to a sense of dispossession and resentment among the Arab population.

**1948 Arab-Israeli War**

In 1947, the United Nations voted to partition Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab. The Jewish community accepted the partition plan, but the Arab community rejected it.

In May 1948, Israel declared its independence. This led to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, in which a coalition of Arab states invaded Israel. The war ended in 1949 with Israel's victory.

**Aftermath of the 1948 War**

As a result of the 1948 war, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were displaced from their homes. These refugees fled to neighboring Arab countries and to the West Bank and Gaza Strip, which were captured by Jordan and Egypt, respectively.

The 1948 war also led to the creation of the Palestinian refugee crisis. There are currently over 5 million Palestinian refugees, and they remain one of the most pressing issues in the conflict.

**Six-Day War**

In 1967, Israel launched a preemptive strike against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, fearing that these countries were planning to attack Israel. The war lasted for six days and ended with Israel's victory.

As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel captured the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. Israel has since withdrawn from the Golan Heights, but it continues to occupy the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem.

**Peace Efforts**

There have been numerous attempts to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over the years, but none have been successful. The most notable peace effort was the Oslo Accords, which were signed in 1993. The Oslo Accords established a framework for a two-state solution to the conflict, with Israel and Palestine living side-by-side in peace.

However, the Oslo Accords were never fully implemented, and the conflict has continued. In recent years, there has been a stalemate in the peace process, and the two sides have become increasingly polarized.

**Current Situation**

The current situation in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is very tense. Israel continues to occupy the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, and it has built a separation barrier between Israel and the West Bank.

The Palestinians are divided between the Fatah faction, which controls the West Bank, and the Hamas faction, which controls the Gaza Strip. Fatah and Hamas have been engaged in a power struggle for many years, and this has made it difficult to achieve Palestinian unity.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a complex and difficult conflict to resolve. There are many different perspectives on the conflict, and it is important to understand all of these perspectives in order to find a lasting solution.

**Conclusion**

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a tragedy that has caused immense suffering on both sides. It is a conflict that has been fueled by hatred, fear, and mistrust.

The only way to resolve the conflict is through a negotiated settlement that takes into account the legitimate needs of both sides. This will require a commitment to peace and reconciliation from both Israelis and Palestinians.

Here is a deep dive into the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by the year:

• **1882:** The Zionist movement is founded, with the goal of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
• **1917:** The Balfour Declaration is issued, stating that the British government supports the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine.
• **1920:** The League of Nations grants Britain a mandate over Palestine, requiring it to prepare the territory for self-determination and to facilitate Jewish immigration.
• **1939-1945:** World War II. The Holocaust results in the deaths of six million Jews.
• **1947:** The United Nations votes to partition Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab. The Jewish community accepts the plan, but the Arab community rejects it.
• **1948:** The Arab-Israeli War. Israel declares its independence and the war begins. The war ends with Israel's victory and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians.
• **1949:** The 1949 Armistice Agreements are signed, establishing the borders between Israel and its neighbors.
• **1967:** The Six-Day War. Israel launches a preemptive strike against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, and captures the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights.
• **1973:** The Yom Kippur War. Egypt and Syria launch a surprise attack on Israel, but are eventually defeated.
• **1979:** The Camp David Accords are signed, establishing peace between Israel and Egypt.
• **1987-1993:** The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule.
• **1993:** The Oslo Accords are signed, establishing a framework for a two-state solution to the conflict.
• **2000-2005:** The Second Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule.
• **2005:** Israel withdraws from the Gaza Strip, but maintains control of its borders.
• **2006:** Hamas wins the Palestinian parliamentary elections.
• **2007:** Hamas seizes control of the Gaza Strip, leading to a de facto division between the West Bank and Gaza.
• **2008-2009:** The Gaza War. Israel launches a military operation in Gaza aimed at stopping rocket attacks against Israel. The war ends with a ceasefire, but the conflict remains unresolved.
• **2014:** The Gaza War. Israel launches another military operation in Gaza aimed at stopping rocket attacks against Israel. The war ends with a ceasefire, but the conflict remains unresolved.
• **2018:** The Great March of Return. Palestinians begin a series of weekly protests along the Gaza-Israel border, demanding the right of return to their homes in Israel.
• **2021:** The May 2021 Israel-Palestine crisis. A series of rocket attacks and airstrikes erupt between Israel and Hamas, resulting in hundreds of deaths on both sides.
• **2022:** The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Russia's invasion of Ukraine has diverted attention away from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but the conflict remains unresolved.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a complex and long-standing conflict with roots dating back centuries. It is a conflict over land, religion, and identity, and it has been the source of much violence and suffering.

There have been numerous attempts to resolve the conflict over the years, but none have been successful. The most notable peace effort was the Oslo Accords, which were signed in 1993. The Oslo Accords established a framework for a two-state solution to the conflict, with Israel and Palestine living side-by-side in peace.

However, the Oslo Accords were never fully implemented, and the conflict has continued. In recent years, there has been a stalemate in the peace process, and the two sides have become increasingly polarized.

The current situation in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is very tense. Israel continues to occupy the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, and it has built a separation barrier between Israel and the West Bank.

The Palestinians are divided between the Fatah faction, which controls the West Bank, and the Hamas faction, which controls the Gaza Strip. Fatah and Hamas have been engaged in a power struggle for many years, and this has made it difficult to achieve Palestinian unity.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a complex and difficult conflict to resolve. There are many different perspectives on the conflict, and it is important to understand all of these perspectives in order to find a lasting solution.

FROM BING AI

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a long-standing and violent struggle between two groups of people who claim the same land in the Middle East. The land, which is also known as Palestine, Israel, or the Holy Land, has religious and historical significance for both Jews and Muslims, as well as Christians. The conflict has its roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when Jewish immigration to Palestine increased under the British Mandate, and Arab nationalism and resistance also grew. After World War II and the Holocaust, the United Nations proposed a partition plan that would create two states: one for Jews and one for Arabs. However, the plan was rejected by the Arab states and war broke out in 1948, when Israel declared its independence. Since then, there have been several wars, uprisings, peace efforts, and cycles of violence between Israel and its Arab neighbors, especially Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and the Palestinians.

The Palestinians are the descendants of the Arab population that lived in Palestine before 1948. They are mainly Sunni Muslims, but also include Christians and other minorities. They have been displaced from their homes and lands by Israeli forces and settlers, and live under Israeli occupation or blockade in the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. They are represented by various political factions, such as Fatah, Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which seek different goals and strategies for achieving Palestinian statehood and rights.

The Israelis are the citizens of the state of Israel, which is a parliamentary democracy with a Jewish majority and a large Arab minority. They are mostly Jews of various ethnic and religious backgrounds, but also include Christians, Muslims, Druze, Baháʼís, and others. They have faced threats and attacks from neighboring Arab states and Palestinian militants, and have maintained a strong military and security presence in the region. They are divided by different political parties and ideologies, such as Likud, Labor, Yesh Atid, Meretz, Yamina, and others, which have different views on how to deal with the conflict and the peace process.

The conflict has been marked by several key events and developments over the years. Here are some of them:

• - 1948-1949: The first Arab-Israeli war results in Israel's victory and expansion of its territory beyond the UN partition plan. About 700,000 Palestinians become refugees.
• - 1956: The Suez Crisis erupts when Israel invades Egypt's Sinai Peninsula with British and French support after Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal. The crisis ends with a UN-brokered ceasefire and withdrawal of foreign forces.
• - 1964: The PLO is founded as an umbrella organization for various Palestinian groups seeking to liberate Palestine from Israeli occupation.
• - 1967: The Six-Day War breaks out when Israel launches a preemptive attack on Egypt, Syria, and Jordan after they mobilize their forces along Israel's borders. Israel captures the West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula
• - 1973: The Yom Kippur War occurs when Egypt and Syria launch a surprise attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur. Israel manages to repel the attack after initial losses.
• - 1974: The PLO is recognized by the Arab League as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.
• - 1977: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visits Jerusalem and meets with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in a historic gesture of peace.
• - 1978: The Camp David Accords are signed by Sadat and Begin under US President Jimmy Carter's mediation. They agree to establish diplomatic relations between Egypt and Israel, and to grant autonomy to the Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank.
• - 1979: The Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty is signed in Washington DC by Sadat and Begin. Egypt becomes the first Arab country to recognize Israel.
• - 1981: Sadat is assassinated by Islamist extremists who oppose his peace deal with Israel.
• - 1982: Israel invades Lebanon to destroy the PLO's base there. A massacre of Palestinian refugees by Lebanese Christian militias allied with Israel occurs in Sabra and Shatila camps.
• - 1987: The first intifada (uprising) begins in Gaza and spreads to the West Bank. Palestinians protest against Israeli occupation with civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts
• - 1993: The Oslo Accords are signed by PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin under US President Bill Clinton's sponsorship. They agree to mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO
• - 1994: The Gaza-Jericho Agreement is signed by Arafat and Rabin, giving the Palestinians limited self-rule in Gaza and Jericho. Arafat returns to Gaza after 27 years in exile.
• - 1995: The Oslo II Accord is signed by Arafat and Rabin, expanding Palestinian self-rule to other areas of the West Bank. Rabin is assassinated by a Jewish extremist who opposes the peace process.
• - 1996: Hamas, an Islamist militant group that rejects the Oslo Accords, carries out a series of suicide bombings in Israel, killing dozens of civilians.
• - 2000: The Camp David Summit is held by Clinton, Arafat, and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, but fails to reach a final agreement on the core issues of the conflict, such as Jerusalem, refugees, borders, and settlements.
• - 2000: The second intifada (also known as the Al-Aqsa intifada) erupts after Ariel Sharon, then leader of the opposition Likud party, visits the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif compound in Jerusalem, which is sacred to both Jews and Muslims. Palestinians launch violent attacks on Israeli targets, and Israel responds with military operations and closures.
• - 2002: Israel launches Operation Defensive Shield, a large-scale invasion of the West Bank to root out Palestinian militants. The UN Security Council passes Resolution 1397, calling for a two-state solution to the conflict.
• - 2003: The Quartet (the US, the UN, the EU, and Russia) presents the Roadmap for Peace, a plan for ending the violence and establishing a Palestinian state alongside Israel. Both sides accept the plan with reservations.
• - 2004: Arafat dies in Paris after a long illness. Mahmoud Abbas succeeds him as the leader of the PLO and the president of the Palestinian Authority (PA).
• - 2005: Israel withdraws from Gaza and dismantles all its settlements there. Hamas wins a landslide victory in the Palestinian legislative election, defeating Fatah.
• - 2006: Hamas and Fatah form a unity government, but it collapses after a few months due to internal disputes and international pressure. Israel launches Operation Summer Rains, a series of air strikes and incursions into Gaza after Hamas kidnaps Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit.
• - 2007: Hamas takes over Gaza in a violent coup against Fatah forces. The West Bank and Gaza are split into two rival entities under different administrations. Israel imposes a blockade on Gaza to isolate Hamas.
• - 2008: Israel launches Operation Cast Lead, a three-week military offensive in Gaza to stop rocket fire from Hamas. About 1,400 Palestinians and 13 Israelis are killed.
• - 2009: US President Barack Obama delivers a speech in Cairo, calling for a new beginning between the US and the Muslim world, and reaffirming his commitment to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
• - 2010: Israel announces a partial easing of its blockade on Gaza after international criticism following a deadly raid on a Turkish-led flotilla trying to break the siege. Direct peace talks between Israel and the PA resume in Washington DC
• - 2011: The Arab Spring uprisings shake the Middle East and North Africa, bringing down authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen
• - 2012: The UN General Assembly grants Palestine non-member observer state status, despite opposition from Israel and the US. Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense
• - 2013: US Secretary of State John Kerry initiates a new round of peace talks between Israel and the PA
• - 2014: The peace talks collapse after Israel suspends them in response to a reconciliation deal between Fatah and Hamas. Israel launches Operation Protective Edge
• - 2015: A wave of violence erupts in Jerusalem and spreads across Israel and the West Bank. Palestinians carry out stabbing, shooting
• - 2016: France hosts an international conference on the Israeli-Palestinian peace process
• - 2017: US President Donald Trump recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital and announces his intention to move the US embassy there from Tel Aviv
• - 2018: The US opens its embassy in Jerusalem amid protests by Palestinians. Israel kills more than 60 Palestinians during clashes at the Gaza border on the day of the embassy opening
• - 2019: The Trump administration unveils its vision for peace between Israel and the Palestinians
• - 2020: Israel signs normalization agreements with four Arab countries
• - 2021: Tensions escalate in Jerusalem over planned evictions of Palestinian families from Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood and Israeli police raids on Al-Aqsa Mosque compound during Ramadan. Hamas fires rockets at Jerusalem and other Israeli cities
• - 2023: Hamas launches its biggest assault on Israel in years

These are some of the main events that have shaped the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over time. However, there are many more details and perspectives that cannot be covered in this brief overview. If you want to learn more about this topic,

Source: Conversation with Bing, 10/7/2023

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