Tuesday, September 3, 2013

Nite Cap 9-3-13 #BATsACT #RealEdTalk #EDCHAT #P2 #Cheats4Change


James Baldwin said it best: 

"For these are all our children, and we will profit by or pay for whatever they become."


A BIG EDUCATION APE NITE CAP


TODAY

Mr. Van Roekel: Common Core Standards Mean Standardization, Not an End to One-Size-Fits-All - Living in Dialogue - Education Week Teacher
Mr. Van Roekel: Common Core Standards Mean Standardization, Not an End to One-Size-Fits-All - Living in Dialogue - Education Week Teacher: Mr. Van Roekel: Common Core Standards Mean Standardization, Not an End to One-Size-Fits-AllBy Anthony Cody on September 3, 2013 5:35 PMThe critical thinking that the Common Core is supposed to promote cannot come soon enough. It is sorely lacking in the defense
Michigan Amendment Restricts Use of Diversity to Provide Educational Benefits, NSBA tells Court
Michigan Amendment Restricts Use of Diversity to Provide Educational Benefits, NSBA tells Court: Michigan Amendment Restricts Use of Diversity to Provide Educational Benefits, NSBA tells CourtAlexandria, Va. (Sept. 3, 2013) — The National School Boards Association (NSBA) is urging the U.S. Supreme Court to strike down an amendment to the Michigan Constitution that unduly limits school districts fr
Empathy from the Beginning — Whole Child Education
Empathy from the Beginning — Whole Child Education: THE WHOLE CHILD BLOGEmpathy from the BeginningSeptember 3, 2013 by Start EmpathyPost written by Laura White for Ashoka's Start Empathy Initiative, a whole child partner organization. Also published in Greater Good, the online magazine of the Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley.How early should you be thinking abo
Better School Funding NOW! Sign up now for Ralph Martire forum Parents United for Responsible Education
Parents United for Responsible Education » Blog Archive » Better School Funding NOW! Sign up now for Ralph Martire forum: Better School Funding NOW! Sign up now for Ralph Martire forumSign up now for a lunchtime forum with Ralph Martire, director of the Center for Tax and Budget Accountability (CBTA).When: Friday, October 11, 2013, noon to 1 pmWhere: 70 E Lake Street, Chicago (conference room)Spac
Dallas ISD trustees to receive investigative report on Superintendent Mike Miles on Friday | Education Blog
Dallas ISD trustees to receive investigative report on Superintendent Mike Miles on Friday | Education Blog: Dallas ISD trustees to receive investigative report on Superintendent Mike Miles on FridayBy Tawnell Hobbsthobbs@dallasnews.com3:48 pm on September 3, 2013 | Permalink6901Former U.S. Attorney Paul Coggins (left).Dallas ISD trustees will receive the results of an independent investigation in
Back to School – What Lies Ahead? | Taking Note
Back to School – What Lies Ahead? | Taking Note: Back to School – What Lies Ahead?by JOHN MERROW on 03. SEP, 2013 in 2013 BLOGSEducation’s numbers are impressive. More than 50 million children are safely enrolled in public schools as you read this. Another 5.2 million are attending private schools, and an estimated 1.5 million are being homeschooled.We will spend close to $600 billion on public ed
Obama’s newest bad education idea
Obama’s newest bad education idea: Obama’s newest bad education ideaBy Valerie Strauss, Published: September 3 at 2:46 pmE-mail the writerPresident Obama announcing his plan to reduce college costs. (Carlos Osorio/AP)President Obama’s newest education reform idea, aimed at making college more affordable, is a plan that on its face seems helpful to families but isn’t.Obama said late last month that
Diane in the Evening 9-3-13 Diane Ravitch's blog | A site to discuss better education for all
Diane Ravitch's blog | A site to discuss better education for all: Words to Remember and Believe InOur frequent commenter who signs in as “KrazyTA” gave us this inspirational gem: “Always take things with a grain of salt, but Mahatma Gandhi was not far off when he said: “When I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants and murde
Teachers in 3 Pa. school districts go on strike - SFGate
Teachers in 3 Pa. school districts go on strike - SFGate: Teachers in 3 Pa. school districts go on strikeBy MICHAEL RUBINKAM and KEVIN BEGOS, Associated PressUpdated 10:52 am, Tuesday, September 3, 2013PITTSBURGH (AP) — Teachers in three Pennsylvania school districts went on strike Tuesday, while classes began as scheduled for many more of the state's roughly 1.7 million public school students.In
CCSS Funding and Implementation Guide - Year 2013
CCSS Funding and Implementation Guide - Year 2013 (CA Dept of Education): State Schools Chief Tom Torlakson Directs $622 Million in State Funding to Help School Districts Bring Common Core Standards to LifeSACRAMENTO—Schools opened for the year receiving $622 million in new state funding to support the shift to the Common Core academic standards, State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Torl
Charter Schools For Scandals
Charter Schools For Scandals: Charter Schools For ScandalsThere are undoubtedly wonderful charter schools in existence, and Americans generally have a favorable opinion of charters, but hardly a week goes by without news of a scandal or a study tarnishing their image.With schools reopening everywhere across the country, the past week was no exception in exposing new problems with an idea that was
Throughout September: Resilience — Whole Child Education
Throughout September: Resilience — Whole Child Education: THE WHOLE CHILD BLOGThroughout September: ResilienceSeptember 3, 2013 by Klea ScharbergResilience—the ability of "each of us to bounce back stronger, wiser, and more personally powerful" (Nan Henderson); "not only survive, but also learn to thrive" (Bonnie Benard); or even to "bungee jump through the pitfalls of life" (Andrew Fuller)—is mor
Send in the SEALs | EduShyster
Send in the SEALs | EduShyster: Send in the SEALs Can a new generation of young, Navy SEAL-like teachers finally club the achievement gap out of existence?Hedge funder Whitney Tilson argues that a new generation of young Navy SEAL-like teachers can club the achievement gap out of existence.Can a new generation of young, Navy SEAL-like teachers finally club the achievement gap out of existence? Tha
The Mis-Education Of My Son Coalition for Public Education/Coalición por la Educación Pública
Coalition for Public Education/Coalición por la Educación Pública: The Mis-Education Of My SonBukola Shonuga May 29,2013Editor's Note  milton@blackstarnews.com: The following Op-Ed article was written by a concerned parent who voiced grievances to the Chief Operating Officer Katie Duffy at Democracy Prep Charter school and some teachers about what she believes is psychological abuse of her son the
Why teachers are concerned about school reform in New York (Commentary) | syracuse.com
Why teachers are concerned about school reform in New York (Commentary) | syracuse.com: Why teachers are concerned about school reform in New York (Commentary) Christopher Leahey, of Cicero, teaches in the North Syracuse Central School District.By Christopher LeaheyIn the past several months, school personnel, superintendents, and parents have contributed to a lively debate about Federal Race to t
Tell ALEC to stop cashing in on kids
Tell ALEC to stop cashing in on kids « Education Votes: Tell ALEC to stop cashing in on kidsPosted August 6, 2013    13 commentsTAGS: ALEC, petitionphoto above courtesy of Fibonnaci BlueAt the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) big corporations write and sponsor free-market policies alongside state legislators. These bills follow ALEC’s simple formula: Defund. Deregulate. Privatize. Prof
Cali Education Headlines Tuesday, September 3, 2013
FCMAT » Fiscal Crisis & Management Assistance Team: I don't need no stinkin' KeyboardIn school iPad project, L.A. might need to tap funding for keyboardsEducation HeadlinesTuesday, September 3, 2013Long Beach's newest high school to open on Sept. 4McBride is Long Beach's first new public high school since 1995, and the ninth-graders that will march through its doors are the first class to do s
Morning Wink 9-3-13 AM Posts #BATsACT #RealEdTalk #EDCHAT #P2 #Cheats4Change
BIG EDUCATION APE - MORNING WINK  AM POSTSTODAYSallie Mae Lags In Student Debt Relief Amid Ongoing Federal ProbesSallie Mae Lags In Student Debt Relief Amid Ongoing Federal Probes: Sallie Mae Lags In Student Debt Relief Amid Ongoing Federal ProbesPosted: 09/03/2013 11:06 am EDT  |  Updated: 09/03/2013 11:10 am EDTSallie Mae, the nation's largest servicer of federal student loans, is failing to enr
Sallie Mae Lags In Student Debt Relief Amid Ongoing Federal Probes
Sallie Mae Lags In Student Debt Relief Amid Ongoing Federal Probes: Sallie Mae Lags In Student Debt Relief Amid Ongoing Federal ProbesPosted: 09/03/2013 11:06 am EDT  |  Updated: 09/03/2013 11:10 am EDTSallie Mae, the nation's largest servicer of federal student loans, is failing to enroll many of its distressed borrowers into one of the Obama administration's main initiatives for alleviating high
Diane Ravitch: “The problem was the misuse of testing for high-stakes purposes.” | Reclaim Reform
Diane Ravitch: “The problem was the misuse of testing for high-stakes purposes.” | Reclaim Reform: Diane Ravitch: “The problem was the misuse of testing for high-stakes purposes.”Posted on September 3, 2013by Ken PrevitiDiane Ravitch wrote this about high stakes testing: The problem was the misuse of testing for high-stakes purposes, the belief that tests could identify with certainty which studen
9-3-13 Seattle Schools Community Forum Teacher contract details leaked
Seattle Schools Community Forum: Teacher contract details leakedAlthough neither the District nor the teachers' union have released details of the tentative agreement on a new contract, KUOW's education beat reporter, Ann Dornfeld, has a copy of the agreement and reported these elements, each of which is a compromise on the primary areas of disagreement:It's a two-year contract.The pay raise will
9-3-13 Schools Matter @ The Chalk Face
SCHOOLS MATTER @ THE CHALK FACE: Diane Ravitch’s Message to Boston Voters via The Indignant TeacherDear Indignant Teacher: Friends in Boston have told me that my message to you has been widely read, which is good, but  also widely misinterpreted. I am writing now to be clear what it means to support public education. It means that public schools should be subject to democratic control. Mayoral con
Philly teachers told their union is still far from a deal | Philadelphia Public School Notebook
Philly teachers told their union is still far from a deal | Philadelphia Public School Notebook: Are Philly teachers underpaid?by Holly Otterbein for NewsWorks With the Philadelphia School District still reeling from a budget crisis, officials are asking teachers' union members to accept wage cuts ranging from 5 to 13 percent, and to begin paying into their health care premiums. Would that allow t
Rules of Engagement | Bill Ayers
Rules of Engagement | Bill Ayers: Rules of EngagementRule Number One: The US is forbidden to bomb any country that a majority of Americans can’t find on a blank world map.This proposal, if enacted, is guaranteed to dramatically reduce the level of global violence overnight. At this moment 80% of Americans age 18-25 cannot find Israel/Palestine on a map; 80% cannot find Iraq; 40% can’t find England
9-3-13 Fred Klonsky | Daily posts from a retired public school teacher who is just looking at the data.
Fred Klonsky | Daily posts from a retired public school teacher who is just looking at the data.: This morning Philadelphia teachers are working without a contract.  Philly teachers rally in 2011. This morning Philadelphia teachers are working even though their contract expired this weekend. That’s not what I said yesterday. There was a flurry of Facebook reports that the Philly teachers had voted
Blogger: Big Education Ape - All posts
Blogger: Big Education Ape - All posts: Rules of EngagementRule Number One: The US is forbidden to bomb any country that a majority of Americans can’t find on a blank world map.This proposal, if enacted, is guaranteed to dramatically reduce the level of global violence overnight. At this moment 80% of Americans age 18-25 cannot find Israel/Palestine on a map; 80% cannot find Iraq; 40% can’t find E
Is there really a shortage of STEM graduates? If so, why are... | Get Schooled | www.ajc.com
Is there really a shortage of STEM graduates? If so, why are... | Get Schooled | www.ajc.com: Is there really a shortage of STEM graduates? If so, why are wages stagnant?  COMMENT(8) 0 2 0 3Previous PostsIs Betty Crocker the wrong recipe for today's students? September 2, 2013Stay with Common Core: "We have it right. Please don't mess it up."August 30, 2013Banning books: Are we still doing that? W
Cutting Physical Education and Recess: Troubling Trends and How You Can Help | LFA: Join The Conversation - Public School Insights
Cutting Physical Education and Recess: Troubling Trends and How You Can Help | LFA: Join The Conversation - Public School Insights: Cutting Physical Education and Recess: Troubling Trends and How You Can HelpBy National PTA on September 3, 2013By Erica Lue, Advocacy Coordinator, National PTAS\ince the 2001 passage of the No Child Left Behind Act, many schools have struggled to find ways to meet th
A Research Roundup on Early Education |
A Research Roundup on Early Education |: A Research Roundup on Early EducationSeptember 3, 2013 by Alyssa HaywoodePhoto: Kate Samp for Strategies for ChildrenWhat have we learned – and what else do we need to know?The Institute of Education Sciences (IES), established in 2002 as a research division of the U.S. Department of Education, asks this question in a recent report — “Synthesis of IES Resea
LISTEN TO DIANE RAVITCH 9-3-13 Diane Ravitch's blog | A site to discuss better education for all
Diane Ravitch's blog | A site to discuss better education for all: Special Education Teacher: As I Begin My Final Year of TeachingArthur Getzel has been a teacher of special education in New York City since 1978. On his blog, he describes his preparations as the school year begins. It is his last year. He goes shopping for supplies and spends $200 of his own money for necessities. He cleans the cl
Elite degrees don’t necessarily earn more, study finds | Hechinger Report
Elite degrees don’t necessarily earn more, study finds | Hechinger Report: Elite degrees don’t necessarily earn more, study findsBy Jon MarcusGraduates of elite colleges and universities don’t necessarily make more money than their counterparts at less well-known schools, according to new research.Using the first-year earnings of graduates of colleges and universities in five states, the study fou
9-3-13 Perdido Street School
Perdido Street School: You Can Have A Raise, But Only If You Pay For Your Health CareThat's the message from the plutocracy for NYC municipal union workers:A mayor who signs costly contracts would face the politically fraught prospect of raising taxes, budget experts say. Pushing for big concessions risks a continued stalemate, which isn't a palatable alternative for the Democratic candidates—one
9-3-13 Wait What?
Wait What?: 3,400+ visit Wait, What? on busy holiday weekendDespite the fact that many people were away or busy with Labor Day activities, more than 3,400 visitors stopped by Wait, What? to read or weigh in on the latest posts. In case you missed it, weekend posts included; Special Master Adamowski’s Failing Grade in Windham  (Saturday) As if the term “Special Master” wasn’t bad […]The post 3,400+
The Educated Reporter: Chicago Study: Preschool Absences Predict Student Learning Struggles in Later Grades
The Educated Reporter: Chicago Study: Preschool Absences Predict Student Learning Struggles in Later Grades: Chicago Study: Preschool Absences Predict Student Learning Struggles in Later GradesStudents who were chronically absent as preschoolers lagged in academic and social-emotional development, and were five times more likely to be chronically absent in second grade, according to a new study fr
Mike Klonsky's SmallTalk Blog: Obama's Labor Day photo op. Philly teachers may strike.
Mike Klonsky's SmallTalk Blog: Obama's Labor Day photo op. Philly teachers may strike.: Obama's Labor Day photo op. Philly teachers may strike.Obama Labor Day Photo OpIf you Google Obama's Labor Day Speech, the first news articles that come up will be about his intentions to lob missiles into Damascus. His actual Labor Day speech was little more than empty rhetoric and a hard-hat-wearing photo op 
9-3-13 Larry Ferlazzo’s Websites of the Day… | …For Teaching ELL, ESL, & EFL
Larry Ferlazzo’s Websites of the Day… | …For Teaching ELL, ESL, & EFL: Special NY Times Section On Science EducationThe New York Times just published a special section on science education called Science Times Special Section: Learning What Works. It seems surprisingly ambitious. Here are just a few of the articles it includes: Sesame Street Widens Its Focus Young Students Against Bad Science
Recapturing How I Taught U.S. History a Half-century Ago: Doing Current Events | Larry Cuban on School Reform and Classroom Practice
Recapturing How I Taught U.S. History a Half-century Ago: Doing Current Events | Larry Cuban on School Reform and Classroom Practice: Recapturing How I Taught U.S. History a Half-century Ago: Doing Current EventsMy memory of teaching over a half-century ago is filled with holes. In thinking back to the time when I began teaching at Glenville High School in Cleveland (OH) in 1956 as a 21 year-old n
Common Core Criticized at Defending the American Dream Summit | Truth in American Education
Common Core Criticized at Defending the American Dream Summit | Truth in American Education: Common Core Criticized at Defending the American Dream SummitFiled in Common Core State Standards by Shane Vander Hart on September 3, 2013 • 0 Comments1Americans for Prosperity Foundation held their annual Defending the American Dream Summit in Orlando, FL last Friday and Sunday.  The Common Core State St
Should teachers be parents first?
Should teachers be parents first?: Should teachers be parents first?By Valerie Strauss, Published: September 3 at 7:00 amE-mail the writer0CommentsMore(By Mark Burrier for The Washington Post)Should people who want to be teachers become parents first?The idea is raised in this Slate article by Sara Mosle, who writes that she joined Teach For America some 20 years ago and when she was “single, chil
State Ed Board considers key questions surrounding LCFF regs SI&A Cabinet Report – News & Resources
SI&A Cabinet Report – News & Resources: State Ed Board considers key questions surrounding LCFF regsBy Tom ChorneauTuesday, September 03, 2013This week school administrators anxious over the lack of regulations governing use of more than $2 billion in new state formula funding should get some new insight over how much interim guidance the state board intends to provide.Gov. Jerry Brown and
New (cool) education website | Seattle Education
New (cool) education website | Seattle Education: New (cool) education websiteI’m not saying this new website is cool because I’m a featured writer (yeah right), but it is part of The Progressive Magazine so that in itself gives it creds.To follow is the press release:The Progressive Magazine announces a major new online resource to EXPOSE the behind-the-scenes effort to privatize our public schoo

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9-2-13 Education News - The New York Times
Education News - The New York Times: The Learning Network Blog: Word of the Day | dourThis word has appeared in 105 New York Times articles in the past year.    by By THE LEARNING N... / 1min mark as read  //  saveMilestones in Science EducationHighlights of science and math education though the years.    18 by By ETHAN HAUSER / 1min Expecting the Best Yields Results in MassachusettsAdopting rigor
Is Betty Crocker the wrong recipe for today's students? | Get Schooled | www.ajc.com
Is Betty Crocker the wrong recipe for today's students? | Get Schooled | www.ajc.com: Is Betty Crocker the wrong recipe for today's students?   0 0 0 1View Larger AP Photo/Alex BrandonThe Obamas, who are the first presidential family to employ a Food Initiative Coordinator, have been adamant supporters of healthy and sustainable food.Previous PostsStay with Common Core: "We have it right. Please d
What To Do About Back-To-School Stress | toteachornototeach
What To Do About Back-To-School Stress | toteachornototeach: How Our Own Back-to-School Stress Harms Our ChildrenBy Jan BruceIf you’re starting to show the signs of back-to-school stress — giving in to the pressures that come with changing routines and schedules, last-minute shopping, childcare arrangements — perhaps you should take a break and think about how this is affecting your child. Whippin
PS 154 in The Bronx Can Learn From How The Yankees Treated Alex Rodriguez.southbronxschool.com
http://www.southbronxschool.com: PS 154 in The Bronx Can Learn From How The Yankees Treated Alex RodriguezI do not like Alex Rodriguez. Never have, never will. I think Alex has cost the Yankees over the years and feel in no way he carried them in 2009. I would take Scott Brosius or Charlie Hayes any day of A-Rod.Alex is a sneak, a cheat, a liar, and worse, a rat. He dug his own grave. True, he sti
Key issue in teachers' contract dispute: Will old provisions remain in effect? | Philadelphia Public School Notebook
Key issue in teachers' contract dispute: Will old provisions remain in effect? | Philadelphia Public School Notebook: Key issue in teachers' contract dispute: Will old provisions remain in effect?by thenotebook on Sep 02 2013 Posted in Latest news="" style="color: rgb(76, 153, 72); cursor: pointer; float: left; padding: 0px 2px;">Share on emailCOMMENTS (0)PRINTby Paul Socolar and Dale MezzacappaUn
9-2-13 Jersey Jazzman
Jersey Jazzman: Back To School '13Mrs. Jazzman says that when you have kids, January 1 isn't New Year's Day. No, the real start of the year comes on the first day back to school, which, for this teacher, is this week. We just had our Labor Day tradition: Mrs. Jazzman's ribs, my baked beans, Jazzboys heating up the sauce, the Dutch neighbors and their very good wine... We may have the looming confl
Privatized “Public” Schools: A Vessel Fit for Destruction | Cooperative Catalyst
Privatized “Public” Schools: A Vessel Fit for Destruction | Cooperative Catalyst: Privatized “Public” Schools: A Vessel Fit for DestructionPOSTED BY JABREEL CHISLEY ⋅ SEPTEMBER 2, 2013 ⋅ LEAVE A COMMENTFILED UNDER  EDDEFORMLearning in a state of denial…denying what is readily apparent to those who sit in silence. The old way is not designed for the 21stcentury…but the new way is just as destructiv
9-2-13 Larry Ferlazzo’s Websites of the Day… | …For Teaching ELL, ESL, & EFL
Larry Ferlazzo’s Websites of the Day… | …For Teaching ELL, ESL, & EFL: Extremely Positive Review Of Our ESL/ELL BookThe Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language — August, 2013 has just published a very positive review of our book, The ESL/ELL Teacher’s Survival Guide. Look for it under “Reviews” on the right side of the page. It’s a pretty lengthy review by Grace Christino at the Un
9-2-13 Ed Notes Online
Ed Notes Online: On the Democracy Prep Plantation: When Zero Tolerance Becomes Psychological WarfareUPDATED:all the teachers at this charter school are white and from out of state. The school's administrators did manage to get two coaches that are African-American from the New York City area. They are the two in charge of the detention room. Is there something wrong with that picture?.....his teac
Alzheimer’s Confounding Contradictions | Maria Shriver
Alzheimer’s Confounding Contradictions | Maria Shriver: Alzheimer’s Confounding ContradictionsAs an Occupational Therapist, my background in neurology is more extensive than many, but that knowledge didn’t help much when my mother experienced Dementia.I was accustomed to my patients improving, not deteriorating, and following a relatively predictable progression through therapy. Not so much with A
In Pursuit of Passion .. not Carrots or Sticks | Cooperative Catalyst
In Pursuit of Passion .. not Carrots or Sticks | Cooperative Catalyst: In Pursuit of Passion .. not Carrots or SticksPOSTED BY PAMELAMORAN ⋅ SEPTEMBER 2, 2013 ⋅ LEAVE A COMMENTWatching a bit of the US Open last night, I was struck with the question of the source of motivation by athletes to work without cease, endure pain, sustain focus, and intensify commitment to a sport over time even when the
Teachers pack union meeting, say no to pay cuts
Teachers pack union meeting, say no to pay cuts: Teachers pack union meeting, say no to pay cuts  In a sea of red shirts, thousands of Philadelphia teachers filled the Liacouras Center on Temple University’s campus on Labor Day to hear about the very real labor woes affecting their union.Teachers said they were scared, upset and worried about the precarious position of the 136,000-student school
Panel on student testing at Town Hall in Seattle | Seattle Education
Panel on student testing at Town Hall in Seattle | Seattle Education: Panel on student testing at Town Hall in SeattleOn Tuesday September 17th at 7:30 PM there will be a panel discussion on standardized testing at Town Hall in Seattle titled To Test or Not to Test?The panelists will include our very own Wayne Au, PhD who is an Associate Professor at UW Bothell. Dr. Au’s research focuses on educat
California survey shows troubling portrait of children's lives - San Jose Mercury News
California survey shows troubling portrait of children's lives - San Jose Mercury News: California survey shows troubling portrait of children's livesBy Sharon Noguchisnoguchi@mercurynews.comPOSTED:   09/02/2013 01:09:00 PM PDT | UPDATED:   54 MIN. AGO Click photo to enlargeFile photograph: Police officers at Hayward High during a lockdown following a report of an...PALO ALTO -- More than 4 percen
Nite Cap 9-2-13 #BATsACT #RealEdTalk #EDCHAT #P2 #Cheats4Change
James Baldwin said it best: "For these are all our children, and we will profit by or pay for whatever they become."A BIG EDUCATION APE NITE CAPTODAYPeg with Pen: Do Not Go for the GOLD (Teaching Strategies GOLD) for Early Childhood ClassroomsPeg with Pen: Do Not Go for the GOLD (Teaching Strategies GOLD) for Early Childhood Classrooms: Do Not Go for the GOLD (Teaching Strategies GOLD) for Early C